Leaf-butterflies 
similar habits, such as that of the jaguar and 
puma in South America, and the five very 
differently-coloured flycatchers in the Nilgiri 
Hills. 
In short, there is abundant evidence to show 
that considerable differences in colour do not 
appear to have any effect on the chances of 
survival in the struggle for existence of those 
that display them. Yet this is precisely what the 
supporters of the Darwinian hypothesis cannot 
afford to admit, for they then find it impossible 
to account for the origin of such a form as 
Kallima, the leaf-butterfly, by the action of 
natural selection. As most people are aware, 
this creature displays a remarkable resemblance 
to a decaying leaf. ‘These butterflies” (there 
are several species which show the marvellous 
imitation), writes Kellog, on page 53 of Darwzutsm 
To-day, ‘‘have the under sides of both fore and 
hind wings so coloured and streaked that when 
apposed over the back in the manner common 
to butterflies at rest, the four wings combine to 
resemble with absurd fidelity a dead leaf still 
attached by a short petiole to the twig or branch. 
I say absurd, for it seems to me the resemblance 
is over-refined. Here for safety’s sake it is no 
question of mimicking some one particular kind 
of other organism or inanimate thing in nature 
which birds do not molest. It is simply to 
produce the effect of a dead leaf on a branch. 
45 
