The Making of Species 
where neither party can benefit from the associa- 
tion. This gives rise to what we may perhaps 
call false Miillerian mimicry. Thus the goshawk 
and peregrine falcon resemble each other in 
being brown above and streaked below in im- 
mature plumage, and having barred underparts 
and a grey upper plumage when adult. 
Having stated the more important objections 
to the theory of protective mimicry, it now 
remains for us to deal specifically with each head 
of evidence offered in its favour. 
1. With regard to the assertion that the model 
and its copy are often not nearly related, we have 
shown that among mammals and birds instances 
of resemblance between widely-separated groups 
occur under such circumstances that neither party 
can derive any benefit therefrom. 
2. As regards the assertion that species which 
are mimicked are either well-defended or un- 
palatable, this certainly does not hold good with 
regard to some at any rate of the coincidental 
resemblances among birds which we have 
pointed out; even if these pairs of similar 
species lived in the same-country it would re- 
quire considerable ingenuity to say why one 
should mimic the other. 
3. As regards the argument that the inedible 
species of /thomizne, etc., display only fifteen 
colours, while the less numerous edible Pafzlios 
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