248 DADD'3 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEKY 
We, however, take this opportunity of noting that cases have 
occurred when the tunica vaginalis was divided no testicle fol- 
lowed, firm adhesions between this tunic and the tunica albuginea 
having retained it fast. In such cases the scalpel must be em- 
ployed to free the testicle, by dissecting it away from the vaginal 
sac. When no such obstruction occurs, the testicle, if the opening 
be sufficiently large, will slip out; but the operator mnst be pre- 
pared, at the moment of so doing, to expect some violent struggles, 
more particularly if he attempt to restrain the contractions of the 
cremaster, and, by main force, to draw out the testicle. Prepara- 
tory to this, therefore, the twitch should be tightened ; the attend- 
ants, especially the man at the head, must be on the alert; and 
the testicle itself, at the time of this violent retraction of the cre- 
master, should be merely held, but not dragged in opposition to 
the contraction. If the clams have been put on over the whole, 
according to Mr, Percivall’s method, they will assist in retaining 
the retracting parts; but they must not be used with too much 
pressure. The resistance having subsided, the clams must now 
be removed; or, if they have not been previcusly in use, they 
must now be taken in hand, and, having been prepared by some 
tow being wound around them, should be placed easily on the cord, 
while time is found to free from the grip of the pincers the vas def: 
erens, or spermatic tube, which is seen continued from the epididy- 
mis. The Russians, Mr. Goodwin informs us, cut it through when 
they operate. Humanity is much concerned in its removal from 
pressure, because of the excess of pain felt when it is included. 
It is necessary, before the final fixing of the clams, to deter- 
mine on the part where the division of the cord is to take place. 
To use Mr. Percivall’s words, ‘if it be left too long, it is apt te 
hang out of the wound afterward, and retard the process of union,’ 
On the other hand, if it be cut very short, and the arteries hap- 
pen to bleed afresh after it has been released from the clams, the 
operator will find it no easy task to recover it. The natural 
length of the cord, which will mainly depend on the degree of 
the descent of the gland, will be our best guide in this particular. 
The place of section determined on and marked, close the clama 
sufficiently tight to retain firm hold of the cord, and to effectually 
stop the circulation within it. There are now two modes of 
making the division: the one is to sever it with a scalpel, and then 
to sufficiently sear the end of it as to prevent a flow of blond: the 
