SURGICAL OPERATIO? 8. 271 
and a ‘eft one. As each emerges from the chest, it is found decp- 
seated, aud approaching the trachea. It then passes forward, in 
company with the external carotid artery. Toward the middle 
ef the neck it beecmes more superficial, and is now distinctly 
seen progressing rather above and without the carotid artery and 
trachea, or windpipe. The carotid, therefore, in the future course 
of the jugular, is situated a little below and more deep-seated than 
the vein. The jugular is also separated from the carotid by a 
slight muscular band, derived from the levator humeri. Its fur- 
ther track is marked in the hollow formed by the inferior edge of 
the levator humeri, where it is covered by the panniculus carnosus 
and integuments only, when, having nearly reached the jaw, it 
makes its well-known division into two portions. Bleeding by 
the jugular is usually practiced with a lancet or with a fleam. The 
proper spot for the puncture may be found anywhere between twu: 
inches and six from the division of the vein. This latitude is here 
mentioned, because it is prudent to avoid puncturing directly over 
a former bleeding-place, known by the scar and enlargement. It 
should also be avoided where a little knot in the course of the 
vein will sometimes denote the existence of one of the venous 
valves. But in all ordinary cases, where these hindrances do not 
appear, operate at two or three inches from the division of the 
vein, which will be sufficiently evident when it is pressed on below 
the place punctured. Avoid operating low down in the neck, as 
there the vessel is deeper-seated, and near to important parts. 
First moisten the hair and smooth it down; then, steadying 
and enlarging the vessel with one hand, with the other plunge the 
point of the lancet into the integuments, so as just to puncture 
them and the vein; then, by a slight turn of the wrist, carry the 
instrument obliquely forward to finish the cut. For opening the 
smaller veins, the lancet should always be used. In all but the 
practiced hand the fleam is the safest for bleeding from the jugu- 
lar It is always prudent to have the eye of the horse ccvered 
Unless the eye be covered, the horse will be likely to flinch at the 
moment of the stroke, and the puncture may be made in any placa 
but where we wish. The hair being first wetted and smoothed, 
and the fleam being retained in the left hand, the unemployed 
fingers pressing on the vein so as to fix and swell the vessel, let 
the point rest exactly in the middle of the swelling. Strike the 
fleam snfficiently hard to penetrate the skin and vein. A blood. 
