XU CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XX. 



THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE LIFE. 



The Dependence of all created Beings upon Space and Time. — The Influences 

 which regulate the Distribution of Marine Life. — The four Bathymetrieal Zones 

 of Marine Life on the British Coasts, according to the late Professor Edward 

 Forbes of Edinburgh.— Abyssal Animals. — Bath/bius Haeokdii. — Deep-Sea 

 Sponges and Shell-Pish.— Vivid Phosphorescence of Deep-Sea Animals. — Deep- 

 Sea Shark Fishery —The " Challenger." . . • Page 403 



CHAPTER XXI. 



THE PHOSPHORESCENCE OF THE SEA. 



Its Causes. — Noctiluca miliaria. — Phosphorescent Annelides and BeroSs. — 

 Intense Phosphorescence of the Pyrosoma atlantica. — Luminous Pholades. — 

 The luminous Shark. — Phosphorescent Algae. — Citations from Byron, Coleridge, 

 Crabbe, and 8cott ........ 423 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE PRIMITIVE OCEAN. 



The Giant-Book of the Earth-rind. — The Sea of Fire. — Formation of a solid 

 Earth-crust by cooling. — The Primitive Waters. — First awakening of Life 

 in the Bosom of the Ocean. — The Reign of the Saurians. — The future 

 Ocean ....... . 433 



PART m. 

 THE PROGRESS OF MARITIME DISCOVERY. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



Maritime Discoveries of the Phoenicians.— Expedition of Hanno. — Circumnaviga- 

 tion of Africa under the Pharaoh Neeho. — Colaeus of Samoa. — Pytheas of 

 Massilia. — Expedition of Nearchus.— Circumnavigation of Hindostan under 

 the Ptolemies. — Voyages of Discovery of the Romans.— Consequences of the 

 Fall of the Roman Empire. — AmaM. — Pisa. — Venice. — Genoa. — Resump- 

 tion of Maritime Intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. 



Discovery of the Mariner's Compass. — Marco Polo. . . # 443 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



Prince Henry of Portugal— Discovery of Porto Santo and Madeira. — Doubling of 



Cape Bojador. — Discovery of the Cape Verde Islands. — Bartholomew Diaz. 



Vasco de Gama. — Columbus. — His Predecessors. — Discovery of Greenland by 



