62 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA. 



On examining other coast-lands, in different parts of the 

 globe, we shall everywhere find the influence of the reigning: 

 currents producing analogous effects to those I have already- 

 mentioned. 



The Southern Atlantic is not warmed like the European seas- 

 by tepid streams, it is exposed on all sides to the free afflux of 

 the cold waters of the Antarctic Ocean, and during the summer 

 months to the influence of drift ice. Thus, the southern ex- 

 tremity of America, Terra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands,, 

 South Georgia, Sandwich Land, and other isles of the southern 

 ocean, have a much colder climate than the European coasts 

 and islands situated under the same latitude. 



Let us for instance compare the temperature of the Falkland 

 Islands and of Port Famine in the Straits of Magellan, with 

 that of Dublin, which is situated at an equal distance from the 

 line. 



Mean Temperature. 

 Latitude Winter. Summer. Annual. 



DuUin . . . .53° 21' N. +4-0° E. 15-3° 9-6° 



Port Famine . . . S3° 38' S. + 0.6 10'0 5-3 



Falkland Islands . . . -52° 0' S. 4-36 11-8 8-24 



Feroe Islands . . . 62° 2' N. 39 11-6 7-1 



Thus the climate of the Falkland Islands is, as we see, not 

 very different from that of the Feroe Islands, although the 

 latter lie ten degrees farther from the equator. 



In the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the Atlantic, we find a 

 westerly current filling the whole breadth of the tropical zone, 

 from the coast of America to that of Australia and the Indian 

 Archipelago. The best known of its affluxes is the cold Peru- 

 vian stream, which, emerging from the Polar Sea, flows with 

 great rapidity along the shores of Chili and Peru, and does not 

 take a westerly direction, before reaching the neighbourhood of 

 the line. It has everywhere a remarkably low temperature, 

 comparatively to the latitude, and this sufficiently accounts foi 

 the equal and temperate climate on the coasts of Chili and Peru. 

 Thus, the mean temperature of Callao (12° S. lat.) is only 20° K. 

 while in Rio Janeiro (23° S. lat.), though so much farther from 

 the line, the annual warmth rises to 23 - 2° E. 



In the beginning of November, Humboldt found at Callao 

 the temperature of the sea within the current not higher than 

 \5'5°, while outside the stream it rose to 26° or even 28 - 5° R. 



