68 



brought to perfection much earlier 

 on them than on clayey soils. The 

 addition of a clayey soil will be found 

 of advantage to this class of soil. 

 If resting upon a clayey bottom this 

 may be effected by deep workinp. 

 Loamy Soils— A mixture of from 15 to 

 60 per cent, of sand with clay forms 

 a loamy soil. If the sand does not 

 exceed 30 per cent., it is called a clay 

 loam; more than 30 per centj con- 

 stitutes it a sandy loam. 

 Marly Soils — Soils containing lime, but 

 in which the proportion does not 

 exceed 20 per cent., are sometimes 

 called marly. 

 Vegetable Moulds — When decayed vege- 

 table matter exists in so great pro- 

 portion as to give the predominant 

 character to a soil, it receives the 

 name of vegetable mould. These are 

 of various kinds, and may be either 

 clayey, sandy, or loamy, according 

 to the predominant character of the 

 earthy admixtures. 

 Siibsoils — The productiveness of a soil 

 depends to a considerable extent 

 upon the nature of the subsoil or bed 

 pn which it rests. A clayey subsoil 

 is unfavourable, as it renders the soil 

 wet and cold. Loose subsoils, con- 

 sisting of gravel or sand, are also un- 

 desirable, on account of the facility 

 with which moisture and the soluble 

 portions of manures escape into them. 

 Calcareous subsoils are considered 

 best. 

 Smaeag'dinus — Pure green, without any 

 admixture of grey ; resembling an 

 emerald. 

 SO'BOLEB — A shoot. Sobolif'kbus — 

 Bearing shoots ; applied to creeping 

 stems, which are slender, and creep 

 along horizontally below the surface of 

 the earth, emitting roots and new 

 plants at intervals. 

 Soot is recommended as an excellent 

 manure for peas, onions, carrots, and 

 all garden crops. Mixed with rain- 

 water in the proportion of one table- 

 spoonful to a quart of water, may be 

 used as a liquid manure for pot plants ; 

 it is improved, however, by addition of 

 the dung of domestic poultry. The 

 rule for all liquid manures is to apply 

 them weak andoften. 

 So'LiBFOEM — Slipper-shaped. 

 Solbbil'ity, SoLUBii'iTAS— The property 

 of separating into distinct portions by 

 a kind of spurious articulation ; as 

 when certain legumes' becom.e trans- 

 verselj' divided between the' spaces 

 occupied by the seeds. Solbtus 

 (Loosed) — Separate. 

 Som'nus — Sleep. SoMNii?'i:Ens — Caus- 

 ing sleep, as the Poppy from which the 

 opium IS obtained is called Papaver 

 somruiferum. 

 Sob'didus (Dirty) — When a colour con- 

 tains more or less admixture of grey. 

 SoRDiDis'siMUS — When the grey 

 greatly predominates. 

 Sobb'dium, Soeb'uma — A patch of pro- 

 pagula (otherwise termed gonidia), 



which have burst through the surface 

 of the thallus of Lichens. 



SOEO'SA, SoBo'sis, SoBo'sus— A spike or 

 raceme converted into a ileehy fruit by 

 the cohesion in a single mass of the 

 ovaria and floral envelopes. Examples 

 are found in the Pineapple, Mulberry, 

 Jack-fruit, &c. 



So'EUS — A patch of the aggregated thecse 

 in Ferns. 



Spadi'obus — Bay ; clear reddish-brown ; 

 red, with small admixture of grey. 



Spa'dix — The axis of a spiked inflorescence 

 among monocotyledons, when the 

 flowers are densely aggregated. It is 

 usually, but not always, accompanied 

 by one or more spathea, and is fre- 

 quently fleshy. (See Cunjevoi, Colo- 

 casia macrorrhiza. ) 



Spanan'thus — Bearing few flowers. 



Spae'sus (Scattered) — Irregularly, and 

 often scantily, distributed, aa SPAESI- 

 JLORUS, having few scattered flowers ; 

 SPAESirOLius, where the leaves are 

 distantly scattered over the herbage. 



Spa'tha, Spathb — A broad sheathing leaf, 

 enclosing flowers arranged on a spadix ; 

 in other words, a bract or floral leaf 

 enclosing the inflorescence of some 

 monocotyledons. Spatha'ceus — Either 

 furnished with a spathe, and more 

 especially if it is large ; or having the 

 general appearance of a spathe. (See 

 Cunjevoi flower, Golocasia macror- 

 rhiza.) 



Spa'thdlate, Spa'toiatb, Spathula'tus 

 — More or less rounded towards the 

 summit, and narrowed towards the 

 base ; somewhat spoon-shaped. (See 

 the leaves of^the English Daisy. ) 



Spe'cies — A species comprises all the indi- 

 vidual plants which resemble each 

 other sufficiently to make us conclude 

 that they are all, or may have been all, 

 descended from a common parent. 

 These individuals may often differ from 

 each other in many striking particulars, 

 such as the colour of the flower, size of 

 the leaf, &c., but these particulars are 

 such as experience teaches us are liable 

 to vary in the seedlings raised from one 

 individual. 



Speoio'sus — Very handsome or orna- 

 mental. (See the Pink Water Lily, 

 Nelumbvwm, speeiosum.) 



Spbieb'ma — Synonym for "Propagulum" 

 in Lichens, otherwise called " Goni- 

 dium." 



Spbe'ma, Spee'mtjm — The seed. 



Spebmago'nes — Minute open cavities in the 

 thallus of Lichens, containing filaments ; 

 " sterigmata. " 



Speemago'nia — Spore-cases. Spebmago'- 

 NIUM — Receptacle in which spermatia 

 are abjointed. 



Speematozo'a, Spbematozoids — Thread- 

 like bodies possessed of motion, sup- 

 posed to have fecundative power. 



Spbbman'gitjm — The spore-case of Algte. 

 Speematidium, Speematium — The 

 spore of Algse. Also non-motile gamete- 

 cell which conjugates with a tricnogone. 

 The male sexual function of all sper- 

 malia is not yet demonstrated. 



