26 



Coeol'lA— The floral whorl next in succes- 

 sion within the calyx. It is composed 

 of subordinate parts termed petals, 

 which are either free, or more or less 

 united together into a tube. It is 

 generally more highly coloured than 

 the calyx ; but in many plants it is 

 entirely wanting, and then the calyx 

 frequently assumes the more usual 

 aspect of the ccirolla, as in Clematis. 



CoROL liflo'k^ — All plants with a mono- 

 petalous corolla not attached to the 

 calyx, tha stamens being inserted into 

 the corolla, and with superior ovary. 



Cobo'na — An aggregation of appendages, 

 free or united, seated upon the inner 

 surface of the perianth, as the tubular 

 appendage in Narcissus, and the rings 

 of colourel thread-like appendage in 

 Passijlora. 



Cokeuga'tiva, Cokku&a'tus, Cokeugate. 

 — Crumpled, wrinkled. 



Cok'tex — The rind or bark. Cobtioa'tus 

 — Furnished with a rind or bark. 



CoE'ri'NA — That portion of the veil which 

 adheres to the pileus of some agaries 

 in fragments. 



Coe'ymb, Coeym'bus— Where the pedicels 

 in the inflorescence originate at different 

 parts along the main axis, and elevate 

 all the flowers to about the same 

 height, the inferior pedicels being 

 consequently longer than the upper 

 ones. 



Cosmet'io — Beautifying. 



Cos'ta — A rib ; often applied to the mid- 

 rib of a leaf. Cos'tate. — Ribbed ; 

 distinctly raised parallel lines. 



Cotyl'edon," Cotyle'don — A part of the 

 embryo, representing a first leaf, in the 

 modified form in which it appears in 

 the seed. Their observation is of great 

 importance, for it is chiefly upon the 

 distinction between the embryo with 

 one or with two cotyledons that are 

 founded the two great classes of 

 Phsenogamous plants. Monocotyledons 

 and Dicotylcfions. 



Ceas'sus — Thick and fleshy. 



Ceate'kifoem— Goblet-shaped. 



Ceemocae'pium — An inferior fruit, inde- 

 hiscent, and having from 2 to 5 cells, 

 cells 1-seeded, dry, perfectly close at 

 all times; when ripe separating from a 

 common axis. The fruits TJmbelliferse 

 are examples. 



Geenatb'. — Having rounded teeth. (See 

 t leaves of Lantana camara.) 



Ckbta'oeous — Chalk- white. 



Cri'nitus— Furnished with tufts of hairs. 



Ckista'tus— Crested^ Ceistate — Having 

 a crest-like appendage. 



Cro'oeus— Saffron-coloured. (See flowers 

 of Eschscholtsia crocea, one of the 

 Calif ornian poppies. ) 



CEncii'E'R^ (Cross'bearers) — The name of 

 the order containing the Cabbage, 

 Mustard, Stocks, Wallflowers, &o. 

 Four-stalked petals, placed crosswise, 

 occur in this order and in no other. 

 The presence of six stamens, two short 

 and four long, is another character- 

 istic 



Oed'oifoem, Oeuoifob'mis — Where any 

 parts of the same horizontal plane are 

 disposed in the form of a cross, as the 

 petals of Cruoiferae. The Cabbage or 

 Turnip are good examples. 



Ckuen'ths, Ceuenta'tus — Marked with 

 red blotches ; also where any i^art is 

 wholly red. ' 



Crusta'oeous, Ceusta'ceus, Ceusta'tus — 

 Hard and brittle, as are many Lichens. 



Cu'OULLATB, CuCULLA'eIS, CuOULLA'TUS, 



CnoDLLiFaEJi (CucuVlus, a hood ; 

 forma, shape)— Where a plane surface, 

 as of a leaf, petal, &c., is rolled up like 

 a cornet of paper ; for instance, like the 

 spathe of an Arum. 



Culm, CnL'mjs — A name given to the 

 stems of Grasses and Sedges. 



Cui'TRATB, CnLTEA'lUS, CuLTRIFOR'MIS— 

 Approaching the shape of a knife- 

 blade. 



Cu'nbatb, Cunea'rius, Ccnea'tus, Cunbi- 

 .for'mis — Wedge-formed. 



Cd'pulae — Cup-shaped. Cupdlifokm — 

 Like a little cup. 



Currants, Sultanas, Raisins, Detins 

 OF — Currants. — Sultanas, which are 

 almost identical with currants, will 

 take about eight days to dry, require 

 no dipping, and shomd be turned about 

 the third day. Currants dry in a 

 somewhat shorter time, but all depends 

 upon the weather and the condition of 

 the fruit. In all cases the fruit for 

 raisins or currants should be perfectly 

 ripe, without the slightest suspicion of 

 acidity about it. Probably broad paling 

 trays are best. Three palings wiU 

 make a tray, and two pieces of 3 x 2 

 in. deal batten will serve at the ends to 

 nail the palings to. Three to four tons 

 of green fruit will make one ton of dry 

 product. Irrigated fruit gives a lesser 

 weight than that which is raised 

 without irrigation. Grapes raised upon 

 rich sandy calcareous land will be large, 

 heavy, and meaty. Maisins. — Muscats 

 require an exposure to the full heat of 

 the sun for about fourteen days, and 

 should be turned over about the fifth 

 or sixth day. If to be dried in bunches, 

 the grapes must not be dipped in boiling 

 lye, because the bloom will be des- 

 troyed. Pudding raisins may be dipped 

 for fifteen seconds in boiling lye made 

 with 1 lb. of washing soda to ten 

 gallons of water, and then rinsed for 

 ten seconds in hot clean water to 

 remove the soda. This wiU cause 

 minute cracks all over the berries, and 

 they will dry in less than a fortnight. 

 The fruit should not dry up till it 

 becomes brittle, but .should be some- 

 what "meaty." When dry enough, 

 and before being "sweated," the 

 berries should be run through the 

 "stemmer," and next through the 

 winnower to takeout the stems. Then 

 the fruit has to be put in heaps to 

 sweat, which will take out any excess 

 moisture from berries not dry enough, 

 and will moisten those that are too dry, 



Cus'plDATE, Cuspida'tus — Pointed ; gradu- 

 ally tapering into a sharp stiff point. 



