TREES AND SHRUBS. 153 
ete., may be determined from the systematic list which makes up 
the closing part of this paper. 
TREES AND SHRUBS. 
1. Species belonging to bogs and wet places.—The species are 
shrubs, the last two, only, becoming small trees. They are: the 
meadow-sweet (Spiraea), red-osier dogwood (Cornus stoloni- 
fera), button-bush (Cephalanthus), shiny willow (Salia lucida) 
and pussy. willow (8. discolor). 
2. Species of the low alluvial bottoms.—The shrubs are: 
the false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), sandbar willow (Salia 
interior) and heart-leaved willow (9. cordata), the willows some- 
times becoming small trees. The soft maple (Acer saccharinum), 
red birch (Betula nigra), almond-leaved willow (Salia 
amygdaloides) and black willow (8. nigra) are trees. 
3. Species of higher rich alluvial bottoms.—The wild grape 
(Vitis vulpina) and poison ivy (Rhus radicans) are woody vines, 
the latter sometimes a low shrub; the elder (Sambucus can- 
adensis), flowering currant (Ribes floridum) and the wahoo 
(Euonymus) are shrubs, the last sometimes a small tree; all the 
species of haws (Crataegus) and the sheep-berry (Viburnum 
lentago) are small trees, the latter sometimes a shrub; and the 
following species are trees: the box-elder (Acer negundo), hack- 
berry( Celtis), the ashes (Fraxinus, except F’. pennsylvamica), 
honey locust (Gleditsia), the butternut and walnut (Juglans), 
cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and white elm (Ulmus 
americana). 
4. Species of upland thickets—-The Missouri gooseberry 
(Ribes missouriensis) and the hazel (Corylus americanus) are 
shrubs, and the haws (Crataegus) and wild crab (Malus) are 
small trees. 
5. Species of wooded rocky banks and open slopes.—The fol- 
lowing are woody vines: the purple virgin’s-bower (Atragene), 
climbing bittersweet (Celastrus) and the two honeysuckles 
(Lonicera). The shrubs are: the American yew (Taxus), shad- 
bush (Amelanchier botryapium), the dogwoods (Cornus alterni- 
folia, amomum, aspcrifolia and circinata), shrubby cinquefoil 
(Dasiphora), dwarf cherry (Prunus pumila), leather-wood 
(Dirca), prairie nine-bark (Opulaster), wild gooseberry (Ribes 
