154 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY. 
cynosbati), the wild roses (Rosa blanda and humilis), wild black 
raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), dewberry (Rubus procumbens), 
wild red raspberry (R. strigosus) red-berried elder (Sambucus 
pubens), bladder-nut (Staphylea), high bush-cranberry (Vibur- 
num opulus) and arrow wood (Viburnum dentatum). The fol- 
lowing species are often shrubs,’ but also become small trees: 
hoary alder (Alnus), alder-leaved. June-berry (Amelanchier 
alnifolia), round leaved June-berry (A. rotundifolia), panicled 
dogwood (Cornus candidissima), choke cherry (Prunus virgin- 
jana), staghorn sumach (Rhus hirta), prickly ash (Xanthoxy- 
lum) and black haw (Viburnum lentago). The June-berry 
(Amelanchier canadensis) and blue beech (Carpinus) are small 
trees. The following species are forest trees: the balsam 
(Abies), red cedar (Juniperus viginiana), white pine (Pinus), 
hard maple (Acer saccharum), cherry birch (Betula lenta), 
canoe birch (Betula papyrifera), red ash (Fraxinus pennsylva- 
mica), balm of Gilead (Populus candicans), American aspen 
(Populus tremuloides) and rock elm (Ulmus racemosa). 
_, 6. Species of upland, mostly rather open woods.—The iron 
wood (Ostrya) is a small tree, and the following are forest 
trees: the hickories (Hicoria), large-toothed aspen (Populus 
grandidentata), all the oaks (Quercus), the white oak (Q. alba) 
preferring deep woods, and red elm (Ulmus fulva). 
7. Species of deep upland woods——The hispid greenbrier 
(Smilax hispida) and the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus) 
are woody vines; the following are trees: red oak (Quercus 
rubra), white oak (Q. alba), black cherry (Prunus serotina) and 
basswood (Tilia). All the species of the preceding group may 
also be found in deeper woods. 
8. Species of prairie .and forest borders——Most of the 
species of this group are shrubs, as follows: juniper (Juniperus 
communis), lead plant (Amorpha canescens), New Jersey tea 
(Ceanothus americana), red root (Ceanothus ovatus pubescens), 
bush honeysuckle (Diervilla), prairie rose (Rosa arkansana), 
wild rose (R. humilis), prairie willow (Salix humilis), 
and wolf-berry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis). The blackberry 
(Rubus nigrobaccus) is also found along borders, but extends 
to deep woods, and the smooth sumach (Rhus glabra) is found 
along borders, in open woods, on dry slopes, etc. But one small 
