THE FAMILIES. 4 1 



Four united— 



Pelecanid^ (Cormorant, Gannet, and Shag) — bill long; tarsus 

 compressed ; third claw pectinate. 199-201. 

 Three united ; one webbed to tarsus. 



COLYMBID/E (Divers) — wings short ; bill compressed. 380-383. 

 Larid^ (in respect of the one genus Pagopliila, the Ivory 

 Gull) — wings long ; bill decurved. 368. 

 Three united ; hind toe free — 



1. As far as the claws. 



2. As far as the second joint. 



3. Two as far as the second joint and two as far as the first. 



4. Near base. 



As far as the claws — 



Phcenicopterid^ (Flamingo) — webs incised ; bill bent half 



way. 216. 

 Ibidid^ (Ibis) — billlong, slender, and decurved, point rounded; 



27 remiges. 215. 

 AnatiDjE (Ducks, Geese, and Swans) — bill broad, and 



lamellate, or toothed. 217-262. 

 LariDjE (Gulls and Terns, except the Kittiwake and Ivory 



Gull) — bin neither lamellate nor toothed, and without a nail ; 



fourth toe rudimentary. 341-366. 

 PrOCELLARIID^ (Petrels and Shearwaters) — nostrils in a 



tube ; bill unserrate and ending in a hail. 389-398. 

 As far as the second joint — 



Plataleid^ (Spoonbill) — bill spatulate ; 30 remiges. 214. 

 ScoLOPACiD* (in respect of the one genus, Recurvirostra, the 



Avocet) — bill boldly curving upwards. 304. 

 PASSERiDiB (in respect of the ParincE) — very small birds, for 



which see analysis further on. 

 Two as far as the second joint and two as far as the first — 

 Alcedinid^ (Kingfishers) — upper mandible ridged ; remiges 



22 ; tail short. 151, 152. 



Meropid^ (Bee-eaters) — upper mandible not ridged; remiges 



23 ; tail long. 154, 155. 

 Near base — 



CiconiiDjE (Storks) — long bill; over 30 remiges; long legs. 

 212, 213. 



PHASlANlDiE (Pheasants, Partridges, Grouse, Quail, and Ptarmi- 

 gan) — short bill ; eleventh remex shortest ; short legs. 269-276. 



Caprimulgid^ (Nightjars) — gaping bill ; 10 tail feathers ; 

 middle toe pectinate ; phalanges 2, 3, 4, 3. 141-143. 



Charadriid^ (in respect of the Grey Plover which has a 

 white tail broadly barred with black and brown, the Lapwing 

 which has a crest, and the Turnstone which has orange legs). 

 296, 301, 302. 



Scolopacid^ (in respect of the Black-winged Stilt, the Wood- 

 cock, the Red-breasted Snipe, the Broad-billed Sandpiper, 

 the Buff-breasted Sandpiper, and the Curlews and Whim- 

 brel. 308, 312, 313, 325, 338-340. 

 Two united — 



Ardeid.^; (Herons and Bitterns) — bill long and straight ; legs 

 long and straight ; middle claw pectinate. 202-211. 



D 



