66 INDEX TO THE FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES. 



ScOLOPAClDiE (range 5| in. to 26 in.). 



I. — Three toes, united near base ; tail feathers doubly notched. 

 Genus, Calidris ; the Sanderling. 324. 



II. — Four toes, three united as far as the second joint ; bill boldly 

 curving upwards. Genus, Recurvirostra j the Avocet. 304. 



III. — Four toes, three united near base. Genera, Himantopus, 

 Scolopax, Macrorhampus, Limicola, Tryngites, and Numeniusj 

 the Black-winged Stilt, the Woodcock, Red-breasted Snipe, 

 Broad-billed Sandpiper, Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Curlews, and 

 Whimbrel. 305, 308, 312, 313, 325, 338-340. 



IV. — Four toes, three in front, two united. Genera, Machetes, 

 Bartramia, Limosa, and Totanusj the Ruff, Bartram's Sandpiper, 

 the Godwits, the Sandpiper, the Spotted, Green, Wood, and 

 Solitary Sandpipers, the Redshanks, Greenshank, and Yellow- 

 shank. 323, 326-337. 



v.— Feet lobate ; lobes narrowly denticulate. Genus, Phalaropus j 

 the Phalarope. 306. 



VI. — Feet divided ; long slender bill. Genera, Gallinago and 

 Tringa; the Snipes, Stints, and other Sandpipers. 309-311, 314- 

 322. 

 SittiNjE — sub-family of Passeridas (range 5 in. to 6 in.) ; first 



primary less than half as long as the second ; third, fourth, and 



fifth longest ; long straight bill ; large powerful feet ; two toes 



united. Genus, Sitiaj the Nuthatch. 58. 

 SxRlGlDiE (range 7 in. to 27 in.)^Birds of Prey ; bill powerful and 



with a cere at base ; large head ; round face ; eyes in front ; claws 



well developed. Genera, Strix, Asia, Syrnium, Nyctea, Surnia, 



Nyctala, Scops, Bubo, and Athene; the Owls. 161-170. 

 STURNlN.ffi — sub-family of Passerids (range •]\ in. to 8| in.) ; remiges 



19 ; first primary minute ; second primary longest in wing ; 



plumage with metallic tints and spotted ; bill straight and slender. 



Genera, Sturnus and Pastor j the Starlings. 120, 121. 

 TROGLODYTlN.ffi — sub-family of Passeridae (range 34 in. to 4 in.) ; 



first primary quite half as long as second ; plumage long and soft ; 



tail short ; two toes united. Genus, Troglodytes j the Wren. 59. 

 Turbine — sub-family of Passerida; (range 33 in. to 12 in.) ; remiges 



19 ; first primary less than half as long as second ; bill with or 



without tooth ; toes united or not (see analysis of Genera). 



Genera, Turdus, Geocichla, Merula, Monticola, Saxicola, Pratincola, 



Ruticilla, . Cyanecula, Erithacus, Daulias, Sylvia, Melizophilus, 



Regiclus, P hylloscopus, Hypolais, A'edon, Acrocephalus, and Locus- 



tella. 1-44. 

 TuRNiciD.*; (range 6 in. to 63 in.) — three toes divided throughout. 



Genus, Turnix; the Andalusian Bush Quail. 277. 

 Upupid^ (range 10 in. to 12 in.) — four toes, two united ; erectile 



crest ; remiges 20 ; first primary small, second equal to seventh 



and third, fourth and fifth the longest. Genus, Upupa; the Hoopoe. 



156. 

 VulturiDjE (range 25 in. to 40 in.) — Birds of Prey ; strong, sharp, 



curving bill, with a cere at base ; powerful claws ; head bald or 



covered with down ; wings long and rounded ; tail rounded 



Genera, Gyps &nA. Neophron ; the Vultures, 171, 172. 



