120 CALIFORNIA YELLOW WARBLER 



Adult $ and young darker (greener, less yellow) above than those of 

 astiva. Wing, 2.40; tail, 1.70; bill, .40. 



General Distribution. — British Columbia and Alaslca. 



Summer Range.- — Vancouver Island northward through British 

 Columbia and Alaska, both on the coast and in the interior. 



Winter Range. — Migrates southward through California and 

 winters in Mexico and Central America. 



The Bird and its Haunts. — In his admirable work on Alaskan 

 birds Nelson^ writes, "This is perhaps the most abundant Warbler 

 throughout Alaska. It is found everywhere in the wooded interior, 

 or the bushy borders of the water-courses, or frequenting the scat- 

 tered clumps of stunted alders. * * * j^s lively presence, even 

 among the pleasant surroundings of the south, lends animation to the 

 scene, and even more impressive is its presence tinder the dismal skies 

 and in the damp, depressing climate of the north, where such visitants 

 are only too rare." 



Nesting Site. — "Breeds on the shores of the Arctic Ocean 

 wherever it can find a willow or alder patch wherein to place its nest 

 and shelter its young. * * * It is the only Warbler, with the 

 exception of the Black-capped Flycatcher {Sylvania pusilla pileolata), 

 which nests in the alder-thickets in the vicinity of St. Michaels." 

 (Nelson^.) 



Nest. — The nest does not appear to have been described. Doubt- 

 less it resembles that of Dendroica (estiva cBStiva. 



Eggs. — No authentic sets of this bird's eggs are recorded, but 

 doubtless they resemble those of the Yellow Warbler. 



Biographical References- 

 (i) E. W. Nelson, Natural History Collections made in Alaska, 1887, 201. 

 (These notes are given under the name Dendroica (estiva, the Alaskan form 

 not being recognized until 1897.) 



California Yellow Warbler 



DENDROICA ESTIVA BREWSTERI Grinn. 



Subspecific Characters. — "Resembling Dendroica rnstiva (estiva, from which 

 it differs in smaller size, paler (or less brightly yellow) coloration, and, in the 

 male, narrower streaking on under surface; differs from Dendroica (estiva 

 rubiginosa in smaller size and yellower coloration, and from Dendroica cestiva 

 sonorana in smaller size and much darker coloration." Male, wing, 2.45 ; tail, 

 1.96; female wing, 2.33; tail, 1.93. Grinnell, Condor, 1903, 72. 



General Distribution. — "Breeds in Transition and Upper Sonoran 

 Zones, west of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, from Washington 

 to Southern California; winter home unknown." (A. O. U.) 



