Up the Paraguay 45 



the Indian tongues, being originally found in various 

 closely allied forms not only in Paraguay but in Uru- 

 guay and over the major part of Brazil. It remains 

 here and there, as a lingua geral at least, and doubtless 

 in cases as an original tongue, among the wild tribes. 

 In most of Brazil, as around Para and around Sao 

 Paulo, it has left its traces in place-names, but has been 

 completely superseded as a language by Portuguese. In 

 Paraguay it still exists side by side with Spanish as the 

 common language of the lower people and as a familiar 

 tongue among the upper classes. The blood of the peo- 

 ple is mixed, their language dual; the lower classes are 

 chiefly of Indian blood but with a white admixture; 

 while the upper classes are predominantly white, with a 

 strong infusion of Indian. There is no other case quite 

 parallel to this in the annals of European colonization, 

 although the Goanese in India have a native tongue and 

 a Portuguese creed, while in several of the Spanish- 

 American states the Indian blood is dominant and the 

 majority of the population speak an Indian tongue, per- 

 haps itself, as with the Quichuas, once a culture-tongue 

 of the archaic type. Whether in Paraguay one tongue 

 will ultimately drive out the other, and, if so, which will 

 be the victor, it is yet too early to prophesy. The Eng- 

 lish missionaries and the Bible Society have recently pub- 

 lished parts of the Scriptures in Guarany; and in Asun- 

 cion a daily paper is published with the text in parallel 

 columns, Spanish and Guarany — ^just as in Oklahoma 

 there is a similar paper published in English and in the 

 tongue which the extraordinary Cherokee chief Sequoia, 

 a veritable Cadmus, made a literary language. 



