GALLS CAUSED BY GALL- WASPS 39 



the white and red stripes ; the surface is usually granular. 

 It appears early in August, and is mature in October. 

 The majority of these galls are deformed, stunted, and 

 infested with parasites. The wasp (Dryophanta longiventris) 

 emerges in the beginning of December. Fig. 4 depicts 

 a magnified section of a gall with a wasp upon it. It seeks 

 the adventitious buds. The galls which result from the 

 presence of its larvae therein much resemble those of 

 D. Taschenbeygi, but are more pointed, and greenish-grey, 

 never violet. The surface also is more pubescent than that 

 of the purple velvet bud gall, being covered with long white 

 hairs. This gall is usually found on adventitious buds 

 low down on old trunks. It appears in April; the wasp 

 (Dryophanta similis) emerges in the middle of May. Figs. 

 I and 2 show galls natural size and magnified. Adler 

 thought that D. folii and D. longiventris sought the adven- 

 titious buds at the foot of the tree because these are the first 

 to be reached in spring by the rising sap, it being an 

 advantage for the summer generation to leave early, before 

 many parasites are abroad. 



Five scarlet pea galls are shown at Fig. 12 on Plate 

 XXII. These galls are the size of small peas, bright red at 

 first, becoming brown at maturity. . They appear about the 

 end of June, and mature in October. They are seldom 

 solitary, and always grow from the larger veins. The wasp 

 (Dryophanta divisa) emerges in the latter part Of November, 

 and pricks the large terminal buds and rudimentary leaves. 

 The red wart gall which results appears in May. I have 

 not found it ; the illustrations are copied from Adler. Fig. g 

 shows a gall on a leaf and another on a petiole ; Fig. 10 

 one on a leaf; Fig. 11 one growing through the top of a 

 bud. Adler observes that the gall matures in the end of 

 May, and the wasp {Dryophanta verrucosa) appears about that 

 time or early in June. 



On Plate I. we have depicted the " oyster " gall, which, 

 as already remarked (p. 5), was very abundant during 

 the summer of 191 1. Magnified illustrations of it are 



