5^8 PHYSOSTOMI. 



?PZa%cara?mo%«cte, McClell. Cal. J. KH.ii, p. 687, pi. 3;vi,f. 2. _ _ -, r,^,-, ■, ^>,c 



Disoognathus rufus, oUwsus, crenulatvs, and fusiformis, Heckel, Russegger s Keisen, i, pp. 1071, 1072, t. 8, 

 f. 2 and 3, and ii, p. 262, and iv, p. 387, c. fig. 



Lohocheihs ? eaudatus, gotyla and lamta, Bleeker, Beng. p. 66. 



PZaiycam wototo, Blyth. Journ. A. S. of B. 1860, p. 161. ,^ _ , „ i„,„ onn oia 



Gonorhynohus gotyla, McGlellandi and stenorhynchus, Jerdon, M. J. h. b. 1849, pp. dOy, diO. 



Ga/rra Ceylonensis, Bleeker, Cobit. et Cyprin. Ceylon, p. 8, t. 1, f. 4. 



Gtwra gotyla and lamta, Steind. Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ivi, t. 2. o/^K , ■, . , , 



Garra Malabarica, Day, Proc. Zool. See. 186S, p. 297, and Fishes of Malabar, p. 206, pi. 16, f. 1. 



Garra gotyla and alta. Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 288 and 349. 



Discognathus lamta and macrochvr, Giinther, Catal. vii, pp. 69 and 70. 



Kill korava. Tarn. " The stone OphiocephaluB, Pandi-pahke, Can." : Korafi-kaoh, Hmd. (Mysore) : Putter, 

 chettah, Hind. (N. W. Provinces) : Ghoak-si, Beng. : Bhogwru and Koorka, Punj. 



B. iii, D. 11 a:f ), P. 16, V. 9, A. 7 (f), C. 17, L. 1. 32-86, L. tr. 4.4i/6, Vert. 18-14. 



Length of head 5 to 64, of caudal 5 to 6\, height of body 6 to 6 in the total length. %es— directed 

 sUghtly upwards and outwards and situated in the commencement of the last half of the head, more rarely iu 

 its centre, diameter 5 to 8 in the length of head, 2^ to 3 diameters apart. _ Interorbital space convex. Snout 

 very diversified, either smooth, or covered with pores, and having or not having a deep transverse depression : in 

 some specimens, as from the salt range in the Punjab (see Plate cxxi, fig. 1), or from the Chumba State, there 

 is a regular spinate covering to a gland on either side of the snout, in some all the glands are thus constructed. 

 jTi^g — the dorsal arises midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, and anterior to the 

 origin of the ventral, it is usually less in height than the body. The pectoral shorter than the head : caudal 

 slightly lobed. Air-vessel— smaAl, its posterior portion minute. Ova small, numerous. OoZows— greenish, with a 

 bluish-green band along the centre of the body, and extending along the middle of the caudal fin. Generally a 

 dark spot behind the gill-opening. Abdomen yellowish-green. Pins yellowish, stained darker at their margins. 

 In specimens from the Tenasserim Provinces a black spot exists at the base of each dorsal ray, this is also 

 seen in those from the Himalayas at Chumba, where the fins are all tipped with black. In Malabar and Canara 

 some have a dark band along the side, vrith an orange one above and another below it. 



Habitat. — From Syria throughout India and Ceylon to the Tenasserim Provinces, and likewise found in 

 Abyssinia and at Aden. It attains at least 8 inches in length. This fish putrifies very rapidly after death, 

 and generally dies almost as soon as removed from the water. 



2. Discognathus Jerdoni, Plate CXXII, fig. 6. 



Day, Proceed. Zool. Society, 1867, p. 288. 



Gonorhynohus gotyla, Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1849, p. 309 (iipt Gray and Hard.). 



B. iii, D. 10 (f), P. 16, V. 9, A. 7 (f), C. 17, L. 1. 36, L. tr. 4i/2i. 



Length of head 6i to 6|, of caudal 6\, height of body 6\ in the total length. Byes — diameter 

 3 J to 4 in the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. Interorbital space rather 

 deeply concave. Snout in the young smooth, but in larger specimens it has a depression across it and some 

 pores. Barhels — two pairs. Fins — dorsal arising about midway between the end of snout and commencement 

 of the origin of the anal fin, its height exceeds the length of the head. Pectoral rather longer than the head, 

 but does not quite reach the ventral, which is equally long. Anal does not quite reach the caudal, which is 

 deeply forked. Oolours — olivaceous, becoming yellowish on the sides and beneath. A black spot behind the 

 gill-opening. Pectoral and ventral fins yellowish, with the outer portion dark gray margined with orange. 

 Dorsal, anal, and caudal yellowish, with gray markings, the lower caudal lobe gray, vyith a light outer edge. 



This species is distinguished from D. lamta by its comparatively short head, large eye, concave interorbital 

 space, position of its dorsal fin, its elongated pectoral and ventral, and deeply forked caudal. 



Habitat. — Bowany river at foot of Neilgherries in the Madras Presidency, also the Wynaad. The 

 specimen figured is upwards of 8 inches in length. 



3. Discognatlius modestus, Plate CXXII, fig. 6. 



Mayoa modesta. Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 553. 



B. iii, D. 10 (f), P. 15, V. 9, A. 6(i), C. 19, L. 1. 36, L. tr. 4i/3i 



Length of head 5^, of caudal 5, height of body 6i in the total length. Hyes — near the upper surface of 

 the head, diameter i of length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Head broad, 

 depressed. Interorbital space flat. Lower surface of head and chest flat. The snout overhangs the mouth, which 

 is rather small, transverse, and nearly semilunar in shape. Mouth, with an adhesive sucker, which is posterior 

 to the lower jaw. The lips are reflected from ofi" both jaws, and have a tuberculated surface : margin of upper 

 lip fimbriated. Barbels — four, one rostral and on,e maxillary pair, aU being rather thick and short. Teeth — 

 pharyngeal, uncinate, 5, 3, 1-1, 8, 6. Fins — pectorals and ventrals horizontal, the former extending to the 

 latter, which reaches the anal. First five outer pectoral rays simple. Dorsal arises in advance of the ventral. 

 Caudal slightly forked. Scales — none on the chest. Goloii/rs — greenish-brown, with no marks existing except a 

 dark blotch under the dorsal fin, and a mark at the base of the caudal. 



