626 PHTSOSTOMI. 



Length of head 5, of caudal 5^, height of body 41- to 4f in the total length. Eyes — subcutaneous, 

 diameter 4^ in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and li apart. Snout projecting : the 

 maxilla enlarged opposite the mandibular joint, it extends backwards to opposite the base of the pectoral fin. 

 Opercle twice as high as wide. Fins — dorsal commences midway between the snout or anterior end of the 

 orbit and the base of the caudal, which latter has the lower lobe usually the longer : anal commences just 

 .posterior to the last dorsal ray : pectoral extends to the last third of the small ventrals. Scales — nine strong 

 scutes behind the ventral fin and 16 or 17 weaker ones before it. Gill-rakers as long as the eye, 1.3 on the 

 horizontal limb of the outer branchial arch, 2/3 as long as the eye. Pseudobranchiae rudimentary. Golowrs — 

 black venules over the scapular region, the dorsal and caudal yellow, the latter having a black upper and 

 posterior end, at least in the young. 



Bleeker observes that EngrauUs Eamiltonvi, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 66^Bleeker, Haring, p. 43, and E. 

 Valenciennesi, Atl. Ich. p. 133 and Stolephorus (Thryssa) Valenciemnesi, Atl. Ich. t. 260, f. 6, is not this 

 species : having a more squat body, L. 1. 36-365 L. tr. 11-12. 



Habitat. — Seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. 



4. Engraulis Kammalensis, Plate CLVII, fig. 1. 



Bleeker, Ich. Madura, p. 13, and Atl. Ich. vi, p. 131. 



Engranilis rhinorhynohus, Bleeker, Haring, p. 40, and Borneo, p. 434 ; Kner, Novara Fische, p. 334 ; 

 Giinther, Cafcal. vii, p. 394; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 384. 



Stolephorus (Thryssa) Kammalensis, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. t. 266, f. 2. 



B. x-xi, D. 1 + 13-14(to?xt) P- 12, V. 7, A. 34-38(3t?3^), G. 19, L. 1. 36-38, L. tr. 9-10. 



Length of head 4i, of caudal 6, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes — subcutaneous, diameter 4 

 in the length of head, 1 diameter from, the end of snout and also apart. Snout projecting beyond the lower 

 jaw, which latter anteriorly reaches to below the front edge of the eye. Maxilla enlarged opposite the angle 

 of the mouth, and extending posteriorly to opposite the gill-opening. Teeth — fine in jaws, vomer, and palate. 

 Fins — dorsal commences rather nearer the base of the caudal than the end of the snout, or else midway 

 between those points. Pectoral reaches to opposite the end of the small ventral, which is inserted rather in 

 advance of the origin of the dorsal ; anal commences a short distance behind the last dorsal ray. Scales — 

 fourteen scutes before and eight behind the base of the ventral fin. Oill-rahers — twenty-two on the horizontal 

 branch of the outer branchial arch. Pseudobranchise rudimentary. Colours — silvery, tinged with gold : the 

 upper portion of the head, dorsal, and caudal fins yellowish, with numerous fine black dots. Dark venules on 

 the shoulder extending indistinctly over the back. 



Habitat. — Ceylon, Bay of Bengal to the Malay Archipelago, attaining about six inches in length. The 

 example figured (life size) was from Orissa. 



5. Engraulis boelama, Plate CLVIII, fig. 7. 



Glupea boelama, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 72 ; Bl. Schn. p. 429. 

 Engraulis nesogallious, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. i, 1831, p. 168. 



Engraulis boelama, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 35 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 393, Fish. Zanz. p. 123, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 671 ; Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi, p. 130 ; Klunz. Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien. 1871, p. 597. 

 Stolephorus boelama, Bleeker, Amb. p. 291, and Atl. Ich. vi, t. 260, f. 1. 



B. xi, D. 14-16(Tf:f3)> P- 13, V. 7, A. 29-32(^:|^), C. 20, L. 1. 41, L. tr. 8. 



Length of head 4|, of caudal SJ, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes — subcutaneous, diameter 

 1/4 of length of head, nearly 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 1 apart. Greatest height of the head 

 equals its length excluding the snout. Snout compressed, pointed, and projecting considerably beyond the end 

 of the jaws. Maxilla obliquely truncated posteriorly and reaching slightly beyond the mandibular joint. 

 Tee^A— small, equal in both jaws: a small patch on vomer : a single band on palate. Fins — origin of dorsal 

 nearer the end of the snout than the base of the caudal : anal commences a short distance behind the last dorsal 

 ray. Pectoral nearly reaches the ventral, which is inserted below the anterior dorsal rays. Scales — regularly 

 arranged, scutes very indistinct, not extending above 1/2 way between base of the pectoral and ventral fins, 4 or 

 6 being before and 8 or 9 behind the base of that fin. Gill-rakers fine, closely set, about 21 or 22 on the outer 

 branch of the lower branchial arch, they are nearly as long as the eye. Colours — bluish above, becoming 

 silvery on the sides and beneath : head glossed with gold. 



It is observed in Cuv. and Val. that its flesh is poisonous (not only to men but to the lower animals), if 

 prepared previous to removing the head and intestines. 



Habitat.— Yrom the Bed sea and coast of Zanzibar through the seas of India to the Andamans, also 

 recorded by Gunther from Mysol and Manado. The example, figured life-size, was from Port Blair. 



6. Engraulis setirostris. 



Clupea setirostris, Brouss. Ich. Dec. i, tab. ; Bonn. Ich. p. 186, t. 76, f. 316 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1407 ; Bl. 

 Schn. p. 428 ; Russell, Fish, Vizag. ii, p. 80, and Yeka-poorawah, fig. 201 ; Lacepede, Poissons, v, p. 425 

 (part) . 



