634 PHYSOSTOMI. 



b. — Last dorsal ray prolonged. 

 4. Chatoiissus nasus, Plate CLX, fig. 4. 



Clupea nasus, Bloch. t. 429, f. 1; Bloch, Schn. p. 426 ; Russell, Fist. Coromandel, ii, p. 77 and Peida 



home, pi. cxcvii. 



Clupea thrissa, Russell, 1. c. p. 76 : and kome, pi. cxcvi. 



OZwpawodow nan'ca, Lacep. Poiss. V, pp. 468, 472. ,, tt jotoci i^^t^ tk- t. 



Chatoessus alius. Gray and Hard. 111. Ind. Zool. ; Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1861, p. 146 ; Day, Fish. 



Malabar, p. 243. 



, Chatoessus come, Richards. Erebus and Terror, Fish. p. 62, t. 31, t. 7-10. 



Chatoessus nasus, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 104 ; Swainson, Fishes, ii, p. 293 ; Sleeker, Beng. p. 74, Haring. 

 p. 50, and Celebes, p. 223 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 407. 



Chatoessus selajnghat, Kner, ISTovara Fische, p. 337 (yowng). 



Dorosoma nasus, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi, p. 142, t. cclx, f. 4. _ 



Noonah, Mai. : Muddu camdai, Tani. : Kome, Tel. and Ooriah. 



B. Ti, D. 15-17(Tf;f 3), P- 15, V. 8, A. 22.24(^?^), C. 19, L. 1. 46-50, L. tr. 18-19. 



Length of head 4^ to 5, of caudal 4i to 4^, height of body 3^ to 3^ in the total length. %es— diameter 

 3| to 4 in the length of the head, 2/3 to 1 diameter from the end of snout, and IJ apart. Gape of mouth 

 nearly twice as -wide as the cleft is deep and overhung by the snout. Smooth portion of the opercle not quite 

 twice as high as wide. Fms — the dorsal commences much nearer the snout than the root of the caudal, its last 

 ray elongated, in some examples reaching to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral as long as the head excluding 

 the snout. Ventral inserted under the anterior dorsal rays. Caudal deeply forked. Gill-rakers short and 

 rather widely set. /Scales— with serrated edges, placed in regular rows; 28 scutes along the abdominal and 

 thoracic edge, about 16 of which are anterior to the ventral fin : 18 rows of scales before the base of the dorsal 

 fin. Colowrs — back grayish-green, with the centre of each scale in the first seven rows the darkest, thus 

 forming horizontal lines, the lower of which do not extend to the caudal. Abdomen whitish, shot with gold. 

 A bluish spot (sometimes absent) on the shoulder behind the upper half of the opercle. Preopercle of a 

 brilliant golden tint. Dorsal greenish-yellow, with the posterior margin stained blackish. Pectoral, ventral, 

 anal, and caudal yellowish, the last with a dark extremity. 



This fish is figured in Bonnaterre, Enc. Method, pi. 7&, as Cailleu TassaH, and given as Clupea thrissa, 

 p. 186. 



Habitat. — Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Philippine Islands. It is good eating, but bony. 



Third group — Clupbjiformes. 

 Upper jaw not projecting. Eyes with free adipose lids. Abdomen serrated. 



Genus, 4 — Clupea, sp. Artedi. 



Clupanodon, Lacep. (pt.) : Harengula, Rogenia, Spratella, Sardinella, Glupeonia, Kowala, Meletta, 

 Alausa, Cuv. and Val. : Clupalosa, Amblygaster and Clupeoides, Bleeker : Opisthonema, Brevoortia and Alausella, 

 Gill. 



Body ollong or sub-elongated, with the serrature of the abdomen extending anteriorly into the thoracic region : 

 upper jaw not projecting beyond the lower. Mouth anterior or antero-superior. Teeth, when present, rudimentary 

 and deciduous. Dorsal fin situated opposite the ventrals : anal with a moderate, or large number of rays : caudal 

 forked. Scales large, of moderate, or more rarely of small size. Pseudobranchice well developed. 



Hyrtl, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss.' Wien, x, 1855, p. 49, has remarked upon a rudimentary accessory branchial 

 prgan in one species of this genus from Brazil, Clupea aMrea=Clupanodon aureus, Agassiz in Spix. Pise. Bras, 

 p. 62, t. 51. 



Fishes of this genus are often much broader across the back when captured in fresh or brackish water 

 than are those taken in the sea. Perhaps one reason is, that they enter the former localities to breed and whilst 

 in good condition, whereas they return to the ocean to recover their health after breeding. 



This genus has been sub-divided in accordance with its teething, a mode which is liable to the great 

 objection that the teeth are small and deciduous. I would add to this that the same species shows great 

 diversity, thus Sardvnella longiceps, Cuv. and Val. was stated to have teeth on the palatines, pterygoid bones, 

 and on the tongue : the same species captured from Malabar not having visible teeth, was placed as Alosa 

 scombrina, Cuv. and Val. (see p. 637) : again, Meletta lile, Cuv. and Val. destitute of teeth on the vomer, as seen 

 in India, appears to be identical with Clupea argyrotcenia, Bleeker, said to possess vomerine teeth. It is a 

 subject well worthy of examination if, in some species, dentition is more developed as we progress eastwards. 

 It is therefore necessary to remember while investigating species of Clupea, that the dentition is liable to 

 variations as the teeth are deciduous. 



