FAMILY, VI— CLUPEID^. 651 



31 in th.Tofi&Idy!'^^ Hto5m its length. M. cyprinoides, with length of base of anal 5|, of head 3i to 



ffa6to.-Bast coast of Africa fresh waters and estnaries of India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago China 

 and Polynesia. It is occasionally captured in rivers, but much more commonly found in tanks. 



Sixth group — CHANINa;F0EMB3. 



united.'^ttotu'nd^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^" subcutaneous. Teeth absent. aiU-membranes entirely 



Genus, 14— Changs, Laoepede. 

 Lutoddra, (Kuhl), Riippell. 



• .1 Sranchiostegals four : pseudohrancMce present. Gill-memhranes entirely united below and not attached to the 

 I ^ • 7A 7 "'^ rmderately elongated and compressed : abdomen rounded. An accessory branchial organ in a recess 

 behmdthe true gill-camty. Mouth small, anterior and transverse. Teeth absent. Ventral jm opposite the dorsal 

 which last has more rays than the anal. Oaudal deeply deft. Scales rather small. LateraUme distinct Air- 

 vessel with a constriction. Pyloric appendages numerous. 



SYNOPSIS OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIES, 

 and b ^' d^"*^* ^'^i-'^^eus, D. 13-16, A. 9-10, L. 1. 80-90. Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago 



2. Chanos salmoneus, Plate CLXVI, fig. 2. 



Mugil chanos, Forst. Desc. Ajaim. p. 74, No. 110 ; Bonn. Bncy. Ich. p. 180 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1308 ; Bl. 

 Schn. p. 116. 



Mugil salmoneus, Bl. Schn. p. 121 ; Forsk. ed. Licht, p. 299. 

 Chanos Arabicus, Lacep. v, pp. 395, 396 ; Cuv. and Val. xix, p. 187. 



Gypriwus, Russell, Fish. Vizag. pp. 84, 85, and Palah bontah, pi. 207, and Tooleloo, pi. 208. 

 Lutodeira chanos, Riippell, Atl. p. 18, t. v, f. I, and N. W. F. pp. 80, 84 ; Gijnther, Fish. Zanz. p. 120. 

 Ghanos salmoneus, Cuv. and Val. xix, p. 201 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 473 ; Bleeker, Atl. Ich. vi, p. 81, 

 t. 272, f. 4. 



Leuciscus Zeylonicus, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 184. 



Leucisous (Ptycholepis) sahnoneus, Gray, in Dieff. Trav. New Zealand, ii, p. 218, and Ann. and Mag. N. 

 H. xi, p. 489. 



Butirvrms argenteus and Maderaspatensis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1849, pp. 343, 344. 



Ghanos mento, Orientalis, nuchalis, and chloropterus, Cuv. and Val. xix, pp. 194, 195, 197; Eyd, Voy. 

 Bon. Atl. Poiss. t. vii, f. 1 ; Bleeker, Chiroc. p. 11 ; Kner, Novara Fische, p. 341. 



Ghanos pala and tola, Cantor, Catal. pp. 278, 282 : Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1851, p. 144: Day, Fish. 

 Malabar, p. 224. - rr , , t- , j, 



Ghanos Indious, Bleeker, En. Pise. Arch. Ind. p. 160. 



Chanos chanos, Klunz. Fische R. M. 1871, p. 605. 



Tulu eandal. Tarn. : Palah bontah, Tel. : Hu-meen, Canar. : Pu-meen, Tulu. 



B. iv, D. 13.16(T|-:tT)> P- 16, V. 11, A. 9.10(V), C. 19, L. L 80-90, L. tr. 12/15, Vert. 19-26. 



Length of head 5\ to 6|-, of caudal 4 to 4^, height of body 4f to 5^ in the total length. Eyes — 

 subcutaneous, diameter 3^ to 3|- in the length of head, 3/4 to 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 1^- apart. 

 Body elongated : upper surface of head flat : upper jaw overhanging the lower. The maxilla extends to under 

 the anterior margin of the orbit. Opercle nearly twice as high as wide. Fins — dorsal fin highest in front, its 

 upper margin concave, and along its base are two rows of scales, it arises midway between the front edge of the 

 eye and the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral pointed, with an elongated scaly appendage at its base : ventral 

 inserted under the middle of the dorsal, having a long basal scale. Anal very small : the lower margin of the 

 fin concave, with two rows of scales along its base : caudal deeply lobed, and its centre covered by two semi- 

 lunar laminae of scales. Scales — small, covering the body : there are some rows of enlarged ones over the 

 nape. Gill-rakers short. Colowrs — summit of head and back of a brilliant glossy blue, fading into silvery on 

 the abdomen : snout light brown. Dorsal and caudal rays grayish, which, aa well as the membranes, are 

 dotted with light brown, and both these fins are margined with black. The caudal semi-lunar laminae of scales 

 pale slate colour, the pectorals and ventrals white, with the anterior halves of their external surfaces minutely 

 dotted with dark brown, their elongated appendages bright silvery. The anal white, with the anterior half 

 dotted with black. Iris silvery, orbital half pale brownish. 



Habitat. — Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. Attains 3 feet at least in 

 length : is called the milk fish or white mullet by Europeans in South Canara, where Hyder Ali introduced it 

 from the sea into tanks of fresh and brackish water where it still thrives. 



