FAMILY, V-TRTGONID^. ^,37 



trir:^jlTtZ7iu^'''^'''^'' ™*^°"' °'"'^^' ^^' *^^ ^-°*^ ^°^^ --^^ --fi-d to the ,oung .ay 

 Tlie various species of tliis extensive Genus may be sub-divided as foUows :— 

 k.-Bental lamince trmsverse.- if rnidmlatmg, slightly so : no caudal eutcmeous fold {Himantura). 



l.Tryg-OTOMorwafc— Snout ratber pointed. Tail very lon^ One or mor-P Im-co +„T,o,.m»o • -^.ji /. 

 back. Brown or spotted. Red Sea IndL Ocean to Malay^rctipeVag: "l^Z^l^r'^' ^^ "^'^'^ °^ 



spined fll o7er HrolbTrt-^Jlir ^ ^^ ^^"^^ ^^ ^^^^- ^ ^- °^ P°-*^d ^-^-^- - t'^e back wbicb is 

 severalLaE^bSr^^KcrVen^^r'^ '"^'^ ^'^^^ *° ^''^ *^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ <^^^^- ^ ^^^^ -d 

 Spa. seat o?rdrt:tiTa;*lS;igI^' ^^^'^'^ ^°^^^^ *^^^ •^^^^- '^^^-^^ variously disposed. Red 



B.— Dewia? Zam«cB transverse : if undulating, sUghtly so. Tail with a cutaneous fold (Trygon). 

 Of India' trcSi"^^'^^'^''^"^''"'^* pointed. Tailtbree times as long as disk. Tubercles few. Red Sea, seas 



6 Trygon Euhlii-Ta.il 1/2 longer than disk. Body nearly smooth. Blue ocelli on upper surface 

 East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. ^^ surrace. 



7. Trygon imhricata^Tail scarcely as long as body. Tubercles few. Seas of India 

 T A- . .C^'T? zugei-Snout very pointed and produced. A few tubercles in median line of back. Seas of 

 India to the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan. 



C— Lower dental lamince somewhat pointed, the upper leing angularly lent for its reception {Eypolophus). 



9. Trygon sephen- A broad fold along lower surface of tail. Upper part of body covered with flat 

 tuB&rcles. Red bea, iiast coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelao'o. 



A.— Dental laminm transverse ; if undulating, slightly so : no caudal cutaneous fold (Himantura). 



1. Trygon uarnak, Plate CXCIV, fig. 1. 



Baja uarnah, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 18. 



Trygon EmsselUi, Gray and Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool. 



PastinachMs uarnah, Riipp. N. W. Fisch. p. 69, pi. xix, figs. 2a and 26. 



Trygon uarnah, Miill. and Henle, p. 158 ; Cant. Catal. Mai. Fish. p. 423 ; Richards. Ich. China p 197 • 

 Bleek. Flag. p. 69 ; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1860, p. 42 ; Dumeril. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, p. 585 • Day Fish' 

 Malabar, p. 277 ; Giinther, Catal. viii, p. 473 ; Klunz. Fisch. Roth. Meer. 1871, p. 679. 



Trygon variegatas, McClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1841, i, p. 60, pi. ii, fie. 2 : Dumeril 1 c n 587 ■ 

 Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1860, p. 43. i- . s > , . . p. 00/ , 



, Trygon uarnaeoides, undulatus, macrwrus, pareh, and pastinacoides, Bleek. 1. c. pp 70 71 72 75 or 

 Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind. iii, p. 738, and v, p. 461 ; Dumeril, 1. c. pp. 586, 688, 590. ' ' ' 



Trygon Qerrardi, Gray, Chond. p. 116 ; Giinther, Catal. viii, p. 474 (young). 



Trygon MUoti, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1860, p. 41. 



Bona hah tirihi, Tam. : Puli tenhe, Tel. 



Disk about as broad as long, snoat pointed and rather prominent : tail from three to four times as long 

 as the body. Iris with a well-developed superior flap. Teeth — dental laminse undulating. Fins — no cutaneous 

 folds on the tail which is armed with a serrated spine situated about 1/2 the length of the disk from the root 

 of the tail. Tubercles — vary in different specimens, absent in the very young : in those with a disk of about 

 6 inches across there are two or three rows of widely separated oval tubercles on either side of the head 

 internal to the eyes, and meeting on the occiput : from thence towards the scapula is a single row of laro-er 

 and more widely separated ones. In the middle of the back three large closely approximating scales or 

 tubercles, the centre one heart-shaped, the anterior round, and the posterior almost heart-shaped. In some 

 specimens of a large size, there are also numerous distant thorns on the tail which may disappear with age. In 

 specimens with a disk of 3 feet across, the head, back, and sides are covered with smooth, roundish scales 

 having intermediate smaller ones. CoIows—^yshj according to age : up to the period when the breadth of the 

 disk is about 9 inches the body is of a yellowish brown, darkest along the back, and the abdomen white : a 

 short distance beyond the commencement of the tail it is irregularly annulated with alternate narrow light 

 brown, and broad or narrow dark-brown rings. As its age increases, black spots commonly appear on the 

 body, and when it has attained the width of 3 feet across its disk it is light brown or greenish-olive, covered 

 with lighter and in some almost white spots, or reticulated with white lines, whilst the anterior extremity of 

 the tail also shows the remains of the rings. The adult is uniformly brownish or greenish-olive. Iris golden. 

 Occasionally there are light spots on the posterior portion of the disk, as shown in the figure (T. Geirardi 

 Gray, or T. macrwrus, Bleeker). 



5 B 



