1264 Tus VecETaBLe Inpustry 1n New Yorx Stare 
and the little hole or vent closed at once with a drop of solder, 
after which they should be returned to the same or another kettle 
for their final cook or “ process” of thirty-five minutes, the time 
of process being taken from the time the kettle again starts to 
boil after the cans are placed therein. 
When goods are removed from the kettle at the end of the 
thirty-five minutes a stream of water should be turned on the 
cans to rinse and in a measure cool them. When the cans are 
cold the ends will be found to be concave, due to the fact that the 
air forced out by the exhausting left a vacuum when the cans 
Fic. 360.— Girts oF THE NEIGHBORHOOD WERE CALLED IN To HELP 
cooled, and the atmospheric pressure from the outside keeps the 
ends pushed in place. If the exhausting had not been done the 
goods would have kept just as well, but the pressure on the in- 
side and outside would be equal when the can cooled, resulting 
in the ends not having the finished appearance which they should 
have, and good appearance is a great factor in marketing any 
product. 
Of course there are many machines for performing each of the 
several operations in canning but these machines cost money and 
