Truck GARDENING or Western New York 1231 
two weeks later than in the more inland section, due to the 
influence of the cold winds from Lake Erie. The prevailing winds 
come from the west and bring abundant snows and rainfall dur- 
ing the late winter and early spring, but the summers are often dry. 
NEED AND METHOD OF DRAINAGE 
The drainage for the most part is naturally poor and nearly 
every farm has more or less tile drain. About 1,500 feet of tile 
to the acre is required. It is placed on an average of three and 
one-half feet below the surface, although I know of one instance 
where a tile was laid fifteen feet in order to get through a knoll 
and drain a hollow spot. Glazed tile, seldom over four inches: in 
diameter, are used. They are given a fall of not less than one 
inch to a hundred feet and are interspersed with numerous silt 
basins. Experience has proven that tile laid more than fen or 
twelve feet apart, if three and one-half feet deep, are not effective 
quickly enough to save the delicate root systems of the leafy 
vegetables. . 
In many instances it was necessary for several farmers to 
cooperate and join main tile to secure outlets for the water. In 
a few cases part of the farm has a gravelly subsoil and part a 
hardpan. In such farms the clays are drained by leading a tile 
to the gravel and allowing the water to drain away in that manner. 
In a few cases quicksand was encountered. Here a concrete 
bottom was made before laying the tile. 
_ About 85 per cent. of the farmers have tiled to some extent, 
While 30 per cent. have a complete system of tile drainage. The 
natural system rather than the gridiron system has been adopted. 
MANURE AND METHODS OF HANDLING 
These farmers secure their manure from the Buffalo stables 
drawing two or even three loads each week. Sometimes two 
farmers cooperatively contract to keep a stable clean by drawing 
a load each day. Enormous quantities of manure are used and 
sometimes it seems impossible to plow it under. The manure is 
made from shavings instead of straw bedding and in the case of 
the breweries it contains many hops. Both of these tend to sour 
the soil, 
