GLANDERS 195 



forms: (1) Chronic glanders; (2) Acute glanders; (3) 

 Farcy, or glanderous lesions in the skin. 



1. Chronic glanders. This deserves to be discussed 

 first because it is by far the most common form. Chronic 

 glanders appears so insidiously that, when marked symp- 

 toms really do become evident, the horse has already 

 become generally vitiated by the infection. 



Probably the earliest objective sign is a nasal discharge. 

 This may be uni- or bi-lateral, and is at first a thin, viscid 

 fluid; later it becomes greenish, muco-purulent, and is 

 occasionally streaked with blood. This streaking is the 

 result of ulceration in the Schneiderian membrane. Some 

 of these ulcers are visible to the eye near the anterior 

 portion of the nasal septum, appearing as clear-cut, 

 rounded, saucer-shaped depressions. "When these heal, 

 which they frequently do spontaneously, they leave a 

 star-shaped, pearly cicatrix. 



The submaxillary lymphatic glands in chronic glanders 

 are enlarged in a peculiar manner. The individual 

 glandular lobules seem to become isolated from one an- 

 other and then enlarged. This gives the mass the feeling 

 of a layer of small peas. This glandular alteration and 

 enlargement is not painful under pressure, and appears 

 to be adherent to the overlying skin. 



As the ease progresses, the nasal discharge becomes 

 more plentiful. At times it may be malodorous, from 

 necrotic processes in the nasal septum or in the sinuses 

 of the head. The discharge now adheres to the nostril, 

 making the nose appear filthy and smeary. As a result 

 of confluent ulceration, there may occur perforation of 

 the septum nasi. If the horse is now carefully examined 

 there will be found an enlargement of nearly all the 

 superflcial lymphatic glands. In the lungs changes can 

 be noted by auscultation and percussion. The horse 

 becomes emaciated, has a general unthrifty appearance. 



