A HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE 



umberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland ' de jure predecessorum suorum," 

 but without effect as regards this county. The knights taken in Lancaster 

 castle upon its surrender — by Theobald Walter, as we may suppose — were 

 summoned to Winchester to make their peace with Richard on the day after 

 the king's second coronation." The Pipe Rolls of this and the following year 

 contain numerous references to the fines made ' pro habenda benevolentia 

 Regis." From 1 194 until 1267 the honour remained in the crown. 



The reign of John was an important period in the history of the honour. 

 Primarily for his own advantage the king took steps to increase the revenue 

 and develop the resources of the county, some of his measures — as, for 

 instance, the foundation of the burgh and port of Liverpool * and the charter 

 of liberties to the knights, thegns, and free tenants dwelling within the metes 

 of the forest of the honour of Lancaster" — having far-reaching consequences in 

 the future development of the county. In the intervening period before the 

 grant of the honour and county to Henry's "youngest son, Edmund, on 

 30 June, 1267, we may notice the grant of the king's demesne land between 

 Ribble and Mersey in 1229 to Ranulf, earl of Chester and Lincoln, for a 

 goshawk yearly,* which, upon the partition of the earl's possessions in 1233, 

 fell to the share of William de Ferrers, earl of Derby, in right of his wife, 

 Agnes, the third sister of earl Ranulf.^ After the death of Edmund, the 

 honour descended to his son, Thomas of Lancaster, upon whose attainder and 

 death in March, 1322, it escheated to the crown. By Act of Parliament on 

 7 March, 1327, the attainder of Earl Thomas was reversed, and his brother, 

 Henry Plantagenet, succeeded to his title and possessions as earl of Lancaster, 

 earl of Leicester, and High Steward of England. Henry died on 22 Sep- 

 tember, 1345, and was succeeded by his only son Henry, who was created 

 duke of Lancaster in 1351 with Palatine jurisdiction for life within the 

 county.' Upon his death in 1361 the honour reverted to the crown, but his 

 daughter, and eventually sole heir, Blanche, having married John Plantagenet, 

 styled ' of Gaunt,' fourth (but third surviving) son of Edward III., her husband 

 claimed and obtained the honour, and finally, in 1362, the entirety of Duke 

 Henry's possessions, being in the same year created duke of Lancaster and 

 endowed with like Palatine jurisdiction.' On 28 February, 1377, the county 

 was erected into a Palatinate for the life of the duke, and in 1396 these rights 

 were further extended and settled in perpetuity on the dukes of Lancaster. 

 Gaunt died on 3 February, 1399, when his only son, by Blanche, his first 

 wife, succeeded as duke of Lancaster, and on 30 September following was 

 elected king, as Henry IV., when this and all his honours merged in the 

 crown.'" One of Henry's first acts as king ' was to grant in Parliament a 

 charter, in which the lands and possessions of the Duchy of Lancaster were 

 declared to be a separate inheritance distinct from the lands and possessions of 

 the crown. The prerogatives of the king were annexed to all the possessions 

 so separated, but ... . the ordering of all matters connected therewith was 



1 Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), iii. 243. 3 ,g April 1 194. Ibid. 24^ 



Farrer, Lana. Pipe R. 77, 89 ^ p,,_ r_ (r,,^ Com.), j^b. 



« Chart. R. (Rec. Com.), 25 ; Farrer, Lanes. Pipe i?. 418. 6 Qal. Chart. R. \ loi 



T Cal. Close R 1231-1234 169, 267, 283 ; Excerpta e Rot. Fin. {R<tc. Com.), I 267. In 1 2 C i William 

 de Ferrers obtained a charter of free warren in his demesne lands in the manors of Liverpool. West Derby 

 Everton, Great Crosby W^^^""' Salford, Bolton le Moors, Pendleton, Broughton, Sweinshurst, Burton- 

 wood, and Chorley. Cal. Chart. R. i. 373. 



8 Cokayne, Comp. Peerage, v. 7 w. 9 ibid. 8. 10 Ibid. 9. 



296 



