SOIL AND CULTIVATION 19 
advisable to’ cut down on the manure and use 
some fertilizer, but, all things considered, manure 
is far ahead of any fertilizer we have to date. 
The best way to apply the manure, so that the 
plants will get the most benefit from it, is by 
trenching or subsoiling. That is, by making the 
top and bottom soil change places—a very 
simple operation if you get started right. 
For a pergola or arbour, mark off a bed six feet 
out from the posts. Go to the end of this bed 
and measure off four feet, remove the soil to the 
depth of three feet, then put about six inches of 
manure in the bottom of the trench. Mark off 
four feet again from the edge of the trench, 
throw about one foot of top soil into the bottom 
of the previously made trench, then about six 
inches of manure, and another layer of soil, re- 
peating until you have made three layers of soil, 
when the trench is finished. For real heavy 
soils I would recommend placing a little drainage 
in the bottom of the trench — some old bricks, 
clam shells, or anything that will not retain 
water. This may seem a lot of expense to go to, 
but I am sure that any one who tries it will never 
regret it. The best cheap substitute is a good 
deep ploughing, turning under a liberal quantity 
of manure, and having a subsoil plow follow in 
