CLIMBING ROSES AS VINES 255 
the soil at the outset. These provided, other 
material factors can be afterward remedied to 
a certain extent. First of all is location. If 
this is unfavourable, all other factors count for 
nought. Sunshine is essential; exposure to the 
sun all day is not absolutely necessary, but is 
most desirable. While the plants should be given 
protection from the prevailing summer winds of 
the locality, this wind-break must be sufficiently 
remote to render impossible interference with a 
free supply of air. 
Roses must have air and plenty of it. If 
the ground is raised slightly above the surround- 
ings, all the better; thorough drainage must be 
secured in some manner, for'to plant roses in a 
cold, damp soil, or in a low spot where surface 
water settles, is simply to sacrifice the plants. 
Under such conditions they will quickly succumb 
to mildew. Planting in a shady spot, under the 
drip of trees will also result in mildew. On a 
cold soil (a stiff, clayey loam that retains moisture), 
I have found that ample drainage and consequent 
warmth of the soil can be provided by about 
one foot of broken bricks, clam shells, sifted cin- 
ders, or, in fact, anything of a hard nature, large 
enough to allow the water properly to filter 
through. This material is put in the bottom of 
