THE STUDY OF ANIMALS 7 



Gosse — A Year at the Shore, and other works. 



Hickson — A Naturalist in North Celebes. 



Hudson — The Naturalist in La Plata. 



Jefferies — Red Deer, and other works. 



Lloyd Morgan — Animal Sketches. 



Moseley — Naturalist on the " Challenger". 



Semon — In the Australian Bush. 



Fred Smith — Boyhood of a Naturalist. A little book which breathes 



the spirit of Gilbert White in every page. 

 Wyville Thomson — The Depths of the Sea, and Voyage of the " Challenger". 

 Thoreau — Walden. 



Wallace — Malay Archipelago, and Tropical Nature. 

 Waterton — A Naturalist's Wanderings in South America. 



The camera has lately with great success been pressed by the 

 brothers C. and R. Kearton into the service of outdoor zoology, 

 but this has not been done without untiring patience and the 

 expenditure of a very large amount of time. Their books, With 

 Nature and a Camera, British Birds Nests, and Wild Life at 

 Home, are ideally illustrated. 



2. The Stand-point of Classification. — Such an enormous num- 

 ber of animals exist (considerably more than a million kinds being 

 now known to science) that as a matter of convenience it is found 

 necessary to classify them, that is, to arrange them into groups 

 according to their likenesses and differences. Animals have 

 always played such an important part in the lives of human 

 beings, as sources of food, clothing, ornament, &c., and as objects 

 of interest, that even the most primitive languages contain words 

 for different kinds of animal. The names of those animals which 

 have been longest domesticated, such as ox and sheep, are thus 

 found to be of extremely ancient origin, and the same is true in 

 the case of certain widely distributed and conspicuous wild forms, 

 such as mouse, midge, beaver, and eel. But in addition to this 

 we have class-names, such as bird, fish, snake, &c., which con- 

 stitute the unconscious beginning of a rough classification, as they 

 embody the fact that many kinds of animal collectively form a 

 larger group, e.g. that of birds. But besides this we learn from 

 the literature of many cultured peoples that even in early times 

 deliberate attempts at classification were made. An example of 

 this may be found in Genesis, i. 26, where we read, " . . .let 

 them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of 

 the air, and over the cattle, . . . and over every creeping thing 



