2 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 



thing like an orderly system of classification. Such a system based 

 upon natural resemblances is called a "natural system." 



Types represent general plans of structure. 



A Class is formed by special modification of a type. Classes re- 

 sembling each other are called Series. 



An Order is a group of the same class, related by a common 

 structure. 



A Family is a group of the same order, related by a common 

 structure. 



A Genus is a still smaller group having the same essential- 

 structure. 



A Species is the smallest group whose structure is constant. 



An Individual is a unit of organic life, forming a complete animate 

 existence. 



A Variety is a peculiarity of Race. Races and varieties are both 

 sub-divisions of species. 



A Hybrid is a cross-breed of two varieties or species, rarely of two 

 genera. 



SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM ' 



The two great sub-divisions of the vegetable kingdom are: 



Phanerogams or flowering plants and Cryptogams or flowerless 

 plants. 



The Phanerogams are further divided into: 



Angiosperms, characterized by having their seeds enclosed within 

 a box-like covering. 



Gymnosperms, which have their seeds borne naked. (They are 

 polycotyledonous.) 



The Angiosperms are classified according to the number of their 

 cotyledons, or seed leaves in the embryo, into : 



Monocotyledonous plants, which have one cotyledon, as Indian 

 Corn and Ginger, and 



Dicotyledonous plants, which have two cotyledons, as Burdock, 

 and Ipecacuanha. 



VEGETABLE CYSTOLOGY 



CELLULAR STRUCTURE 



The bodies of all plants are made up of one or more units of struc- 

 ture called cells. 



