52 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 



A jointed, indehiscent legume, called a loment, breaks up naturally 

 into transverse, one-seeded divisions. The Cochlea is a coiled or spiral 

 legume. Ex. of Loment: Cassia fistula. 



A Capsule is a dry dehiscent fruit of two or more united carpels, 

 and shows several forms of dehiscence, as in the Poppy, Cardamon, 

 etc. 



The Pyxis is a modification of the capsule which opens transversely, 

 the upper half forming a lid, as in Portulaca or Hyoscyamus. 



A SiLiQUE is a long slender capsule with two parietal placentae, 

 the valves opening from below upward, as in the Cruciferse. 



Dry Indehiscent Fruits (often erroneously regarded as seeds). — 

 The Akene is a dry one-chambered, indehiscent fruit, in which the 

 pericarp is firm and may or may not be united with the seed, the style 

 remaining in many cases as an agent of dissemination, and may be 

 winged, feathery, or hooked. Ex. : Fruits of the Compositse, Anemone 

 and Ranunculus. 



The Samara is a winged akene-like fruit, as in the Birch, Elm, Ash, 

 Box Elder and Maple. 



The Utricle is like the akene, except that the pericarp is loose and 

 bladder-like. Ex. : Chenopodium. 



A Caryopsis, or Grain, differs from the last in having the cell com- 

 pletely filled by the seed and the pericarp very thin. This fruit is 

 more likely than- any other to be mistaken for a seed. Ex.: Wheat, 

 Rice, Barley, Oat, etc. 



A Nut is a hard, one-celled, one-seeded fruit, like the akene but 

 larger, and usually produced from a compound ovary. The nut is 

 often enclosed in a kind of involucre termed a Cupule, as the cup of the 

 acorn or the leaf-like covering of the Hazel-nut. 



A Cremocarp is the characteristic fruit of the Umbelliferffi family. 

 It consists of two inferior akenes or mericarps separated from each other 

 by a stalk called a carpophore. The mericarps separate as soon as the 

 fruit ripens and are seen to be longitudinally ribbed with numerous 

 oil glands between the ribs. 



Fleshy Indehiscent Fruits. — The Drupe is a one-carpelled fruit, 

 such as the Plum, Reach, Prune, Sabal, Rhus, etc., and called "stone 

 fruit," because the endocarp or putamen is composed wholly of stone 

 cells. / ' 



An Et^ri'6 consists of a collection of little drupes on a torus as 

 the Raspberry. 



