SECTION IB. J SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymnospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : — 



Semes I. PHANEROGAMIA : Phanerogamous or Flowering Plants. 



Class I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERMEA called for shortness 



in English, Dicotyledons or Dicotyls. Ovules in a olosed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Division I. Polypetal.8:, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculacem to CornacetB. 

 Artificial Division II. Gamopetaljs, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliacea to Plantaginacece. 

 Artificial Division III. Apetale or Incomplete, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyctdginaceee to Salicacea. 

 Dlass II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME.E, in English Gym- 

 NOSPEEMs. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gnetaceee, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Conifera, and of Cycadaceee. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English Monocotyledons or 

 ' Monocotyls. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Division I. Petaloidee. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolline. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II. Calycinjs. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaeeous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncacets, the true Rushes, and Palmts, Palms. 

 Division HI. Spadiciflore or NuDiFLORai. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typhacea and Aroidete the principal. ' 

 Division IV. Glumace*. Perianth none, or very rudimentary: 

 glumaeeous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacea and 



Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA : Cryptogamous or Elowerless Plants 



Class L PTERIDOPHYTA, Pteridophytes (484). 



Class 1L BRYOPHYTA, Bryophytes (498). 



Clasp III. THALLOPHYTA, Thallophytes C503). 



