OTHER SPIROCHAETES FOUND IN ANIMALS 297 



but the skin was sprinkled with dark hemorrhagic-like spots. 

 From scrapings of these lesions he was able to find the organ- 

 ism. It is described as long and very slender, its length vary- 

 ing from 9 to 26 fx. Both extremities are pointed. The spiral 

 forms predominate but in the same preparation curved or 

 simply long straight threads were observed. They appeared 

 singly, in pairs and in clumps. It was difficult to distinguish 

 it in the unstained preparation. It stains well with any of the 

 ordinary aniline dyes but does not retain the coloring matter 

 after being treated by the Gram method. 



§ 225. Other spirochaetes found in animals. Bon- 

 hoff (1905) described a spirochaete found in the pustules of 

 vaccinia of the calf. Martoglio and Carpano found a spi- 

 rochaete in the blood of the Abyssinian sheep. It exhibited 

 from three to ten regular spirals and measured from 10 to 20 /< 

 in length and from 2 to 4yuin breadth. The extremities were 

 tapered and it did not stain by Gram's method. It could not 

 be cultivated on any media used. Neither flagella, spores nor 

 chromatin were discovered. Two spirochaetes were often 

 seen attached throughout their length and apparently fused 

 together at one extremity as through they had been produced 

 by longitudinal fission. This parasite was present in the blood 

 plasma. As in the case with the Sp. Theileri the disease could 

 not be reproduced in any of the animals inoculated with the 

 infected blood or even in sheep. This organism was de- 

 scribed by Blanchard as Sp. ovina. 



According to Bizzozero the stomach of the dog always con- 

 tains numbers of extremely slender spirochaetes formed of from 

 three to seven turns and from 3 to 8 /< in length lodged in the 

 interior of the gastric cells. These were found in the Norway 

 rat, cat and dog. In the latter they have been found to be 

 constantly present. 



The principal species of the spirochaeta that have been 

 described are the Sp. plicatilis Ehrenberg, in 1838. It is 

 common in stagnant water and often attains a length of 100 to 

 200 ;u. In 1875, Cohn described^. ^M<ra/w which is tapered 

 at both extremities and common in the dental tartar and in the 



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