UTILITY OF BIRDS IN NATURE. 9 
The general fitness of the Crow is admitted by all. Un- 
doubtedly it has a useful work to perform in the world ; but 
a careful study of its food habits shows so many apparently 
harmful traits that it may well leave the investigator in some 
doubt as to the Crow’s value in the general plan. Crows 
rob the nests of Robins, eating very many eggs and young 
birds ; they therefore constitute a serious check on the in- 
crease of this species. Robins feed largely on common black 
beetles, called ground bectles (Carabidee), which run about 
on the ground, hiding under stones and other rubbish. As 
these beetles are not quick to fly by day, 
and are easily caught, they form a consid- 
erable part of the food of many ground- 
frequenting birds. But ground beetles 
feed, to a greater or less extent, on other 
insects. The question then arises, Is not 
the Robin doing harm in killing ground 
beetles, and does it not merit the destruc- 
tion of its eggs and young by the Crow? pig 2, Ground 
If the Robin’s habit of eating these beetles beetle. 
is harmful, is not the Crow rendering a service by destroy- 
ing a bird so apparently destructive as the Robin? Perhaps, 
if there were too many Robins, they might eat too many 
ground beetles, and thus become the indirect cause of the 
destruction of much vegetation, by saving the lives of the 
caterpillars and other harmful insects that the ground beetles, 
had they been left to themselves, might have destroyed.? 
Many ground beetles that are eaten by the Robin feed 
much on vegetable matter. This makes these beetles doubly 
useful in one respect, for they can maintain their numbers 
* These questions can be answered only by one having a thorough knowledge 
of the food of our ground beetles, —a knowledge which no living man yet pos- 
sesses; but enough has been learned to throw some light on their food habits. 
Insects that feed promiscuously on other insects are generally classed as bene- 
ficial in so far as they take insect food, even though they may destroy some 
so-called useful insects; for, as the so-called injurious insects far outnumber the 
useful ones, it is considered safe to regard the habit of feeding on insects a bene- 
ficial one. 
? The ground beetles of the genus Calosoma and those of some closely allied 
genera are believed to feed entirely on animal food, as their structure fits them 
for that alone. They feed ravenously upon both beneficial and injurious insects, 
and when too numerous they devour one another. These are not the beetles that 
are generally eaten by the Robin, however, but rather by the Crow. 
