352 USEFUL BIRDS. 
In early spring, or in August or September, a tall, dark, 
lone bird may be seen stalking by some pond, along the sea- 
shore, or on tidal flats. It is far larger than other common 
Herons, and when it flies sometimes gives utterance to harsh, 
loud croaks, and spreads a pair of great wings that seem as 
large as those of the Eagle. This unmistakable bird is the 
Great Blue Heron or Blue “Crane” (as it is sometimes 
wrongly called) (Ardea herodias), which lives largely on 
fish, frogs, and meadow mice. 
Another species is sometimes started from the grassy 
meadow or the marshy fen. This is a large brown bird, 
about the size of the Night Heron. The under part of its 
neck is distinctly streaked with brown and white, and there 
is a black streak on the side of the neck. It is a skulker, 
seeking concealment by preference, and flying only when 
hard pressed. Its flight is slow and awkward, and it usually 
does not fly high or far, but alights again among the grass 
or reeds of the marsh. Sometimes on rising it utters sev- 
eral harsh, rattling croaks. This is the American Bittern 
(Botaurus lentiginosus),—a bird that lives in the bog and 
nests there. It seldom, if ever, alights in trees. Its most 
common spring note consists of a series of choking, gurgling 
sounds, that resemble the noise made by an old-fashioned 
wooden pump, and may be represented by the syllables unk- 
a-chunk, repeated several times. This has given the bird 
the vernacular name of “plum pud’n.” Sometimes at a 
distance only a single note can be heard, which sounds like 
the stroke of a mallet on a stake. Hence the name Stake 
Driver ; but how it came by the name of Indian Hen I am 
unable to say. The Bittern is perhaps the most useful of all 
the Herons, for it. frequently goes to low fields and pastures, 
where it industriously hunts grasshoppers and other Orthop- 
tera. A small species, the Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis), 
may sometimes be heard cooing in the marshes, but is 
seldom seen. The top of the head, back, and tail are black ; 
elsewhere the bird is mainly brown, lighter below. It often 
sits erect, facing the observer, its bill pointing upward, and 
so it is unnoticed among the reeds or flags. Its habits are 
little known. 
