THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 
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Smooth sumac, ‘ . Rhus glabra. 
Poison sumac, poison aeewosd. . Rhus Vernix. 
Poison ivy, . . . Rhus radicans. 
Raspberries, difinhlehaerlag: and 
blackberries, . Rubus. 
(All Seni are daten by birds. ) 
Wild or dwarf rose, : . Rosa humilis. 
(The hips of other species are probably eaten.) 
Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambucus pubens. 
American elder, sweet elder, black 
elder, . : és 5 a . Sambucus Canadensts. 
Sweet gum, . . . . Liguidambar Styraciflua. 
Wild gooseberries and Hainan . Ribes. 
(All species.) 
Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menispermum Canadense. 
Virginia creeper, — woodbine, . Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 
Wild grapes, . A F . Vitis. 
“can species.) 
Probably all the thorn trees (Crategus), including the English haw- 
thorn eee Oxy ial 
Sassafras, . . Sassafras Sassafras. 
Red mulberry, : ‘ F . Morus rubra. 
Russian mulberry, . ‘ ; . Morus alba, var. Tatarica. 
Hackberry, nettle tree orsugar berry, Celtis occidentalis. 
American holly, . ‘ ‘ . Ilex opaca. 
Winterberry, black alder, ‘ Llex verticillata. 
(Probably other species of liotly (ilex) are also eaten.) 
Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 
work, : : - Celastrus scandens. 
Bayne (wax slvatleles : . Myrica Carolinensis. 
Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 
Shad bush, June berry, . : . Amelanchier Canadensis. 
Red chokeberry, . Aronia arbutifolia. 
(Probably the black chiliebarcy’ is also eaten.) 
Beach plum, . , . Prunus maritima. 
(And prabanly other plums.) 
Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Prunus Pennsylvanica. 
Sand cherry, . : . Prunus pumila. 
Black cherry, rum ohecen . . Prunus serotina. 
Choke cherry, . Fs . F . Prunus Virginiana. 
Withe-rod, . : . . Viburnum nudum. 
Sweet viburnum, Nanny vite sheep 
berry, . : . : : . Viburnum Lentago. 
Cranberry tree, s ‘ . Viburnum Opulus.? 
1 Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 
