THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 377 
birds must seek their food from larger and higher shrubs, 
trees, and vines. The mountain ash, black alder, and red 
cedar are favorite fruiting trees in winter; while among 
shrubs, barberry and sumac are much sought. 
Fortunately, many of the trees or shrubs which furnish 
food and shelter for birds are suitable for use in the ornamen- 
tation of grounds. 
Hedges may be made 
of holly or hawthorn. 
The red cedar and 
other coniferous trees 
are highly ornamen- 
tal. Elm, maple, and 
ash trees are all in 
demand for shade. 
Some of the shrubs 
may be used as bor- 
ders for drives or 
massed to hide defects Fig. 158.—Fruit of the Virginia juniper or 
red cedar. 
in the landscape. The 
Virginia creeper may be utilized in place of the imported ivy 
vines. Many of the plants in our list may be employed in 
forming tangles along stone walls, about rocky eminences, or 
on the borders of swamps or ponds. Such tangles, overgrown 
by smilax or other vines, form safe retreats for small birds 
when pursued by Hawks, and furnish secure nesting places. 
They also provide sheltered retreats for the winter birds. 
Feeding and Assembling the Winter Birds. 
The results of assembling the winter birds about the 
farm and orchard are of the utmost value to the farmer. 
Prof. H. A. Surface, State Zodlogist of Pennsylvania, writes 
that a Mr. Mann, a well-known pear grower of Rochester, 
N. Y., told him that one year the pear tree psylla had de- 
stroyed his entire pear crop, and that he thought there were 
no prospects of a crop the following year; but Nuthatches 
came and worked “in flocks” in his orchard all winter, and 
in the spring he could find hardly an insect. Thus these 
Nuthatches saved him thousands of dollars in one winter. 
