68 DISEASES OF CROPS. 



— the latter having been stripped of the intermediate soft 

 tissues. Within the cocoons the caterpillars turn to 

 pupsB, which are of a grey colour with black markings. 

 The pupse give rise to perfect insects in about fourteen 

 days. The moth is somewhat similar in appearance to 

 the ordinary clothes-moth. Along the anterior edge, 

 the fore wings are brown, while the posterior edge is 

 white. The hind wings are deeply fringed, (y) The 

 larvsB of the Heart and Dart Moth {N. exclamationis) 

 also feed on the foliage of turnip crops. They attack the 

 plants during the night, while in the daytime they hide 

 beneath stones, clods of earth, etc. The larvae of this 

 moth are about 1^ inch long, of a pale violet colour, with 

 a brown head. When fully grown they make earth- 

 cells, and there turn to pupse. The latter are of a 

 reddish-brown colour, and hibernate (in their cells) until 

 the following season. The moth is of an ochre colour, 

 with a black spot situated posteriorly to the head. The 

 anterior wings of both the male and female are brown, 

 with darker coloured nervures. The posterior wings of 

 the male are white, while those of the female are brown. 

 (8) The larvae of the Turnip Moth {N. segetum) feed on 

 turnips and other roots by gnawing their way into the 

 "roots." They also feed on the leaves of the turnip 

 plants. These larvae (which are nocturnal in their habits) 

 are about one inch long, almost hairless, and feed not only 

 during the summer and autumn, but also in the winter 

 if circumstances are favourable. If not, they pass the 

 winter in earth-made cells. In the following spring they 

 turn to brown-coloured pupae in the ground, where they 

 remain for twenty-eight days, changing in that time to 

 moths. The male moth has grey-coloured fore and white 

 hind wings. The colour of the thorax and abdomen is 



