59 



The red raspberry, Hubus siriaosus, Michx.. has 

 Rubus. 1 -j^ ^ 1 1 . , . , 



white petals ami is not nearly so attractive as the 



blackberry (K. villosus. Ait.) Nectar is abundantly secret- 

 ed by the flattene.1 disk between the pistil and tilaments 

 which is obtained by bees inserting their proboscides between 

 the stamens and pistil. The stamens are inflected inwardly 

 toward the pistil. The stigma is receptive before the 

 stamens mature. In the absence of insect pollination, self- 

 pollination can take place. Visited by Hymenoptera, honey 

 bees frequent. Rubus villosus is much more attractive. 

 The petals are large and white. Nectar is secreted as in Red 

 Raspberry but is more difficult for insects to obtain. It is 

 visited by honey bees and Robertson records several species 

 of Bombus for Carlinville, Illinois. 



Members of the order are adapted to a 

 Wide class of insect visitors. Many of 

 the species occur in colder portions of the world. The Sax- 

 ifragas are common in alpine and snbalpine regions, some 

 occuring in the bogs and meadows of the Eastern and North- 

 ern States. Species of the genus Ribes, though originally 

 of the colder regions, have a wider distribution. The 

 species of the order vary as to their insect visitors. Most 

 common are the Diptera and Hymenoptera. Herman Muel- 

 ler has called attention to the fact that the flowers of many 

 species of the genus Saxifraga are proterandrous; the 

 anthers ripen one after another. He also notes that in 

 Ghrysosplenium alternifolum, L. , small snails creeping 

 about over the stigmas and anthers, carry the pollen grains 

 upon the stigma with their slimy bodies. Parnassia 

 palustris, L., which is native to Northeastern Iowa, has 

 some peculiar nectar glands. "Each consists of a short, 

 broad peduncle, broadening above into a fleshy disk which 



