28 



MILK 



origin if we overlook a few sporadic cases of earlier times. I 

 "Kirne and Girbe" there are some interesting pictures of prevailing 

 conditions, as, for example, butter making on the island of Guernsey 

 in 1891. Churning is carried on in the open air, with no preten- 

 sion to cleanliness or cleanly surroundings (Fig. 7). Another pic- 

 ture shows a nude Hottentot milking a cow while another one is 

 holding the tail of the cow to prevent its dropping into the open 

 pail (Fig. 8). This picture might well serve as a model to some 

 modern producers who do not take such precautions and calmly 

 lift the tail out of the milk with their hands when it happens to 

 switch into the pail. A later picture shows a modern, well- 



Fig. 7. — Butter making on the island of Guernsey (Benno Martiny) . 



equipped creamery with up-to-date machinery, tile floor, tile walls, 

 and cleanliness apparent everywhere (Fig. 9). 



In this day of machinery and power progress in the dairy in- 

 dustry is more rapid than a few decades ago. In spite of ultra- 

 conservative methods a notable improvement is apparent when 

 conditions of today are compared with those prevalent during the 

 earlier part of the last century. Adulteration and dilution of milk, 

 which was the rule a hundred years ago, is now the exception, and 

 introduction of modern machinery has encouraged production on 

 a large scale. Steam power in large plants and gasoline power on 

 the farm do the work of man, horse, and dog of former times. 

 The cream separator has facilitated butter making; clarifiers, 

 coolers, bottling, and capping machines have made production 



