304 MILK 



modified Loy pail, by 66 per cent. This modified Loy pail in 

 another series of experiments gave a reduction of 70 per cent. 

 The modification consisted in reducing the size of the opening 

 to 5 by 7 inches and making the cover flush with the top of the 

 pail, so that entrance of foreign matter, when emptying the milk, 

 was prevented. 



The evidence is convincing that the use of covered pails re- 

 duces the germ content of milk to a marked degree. It is stated 

 by Harding, Wilson, and Smith that an elhptic opening is more 

 satisfactory than a round one, as the former facihtates milking 

 without waste. The cover of a small-top pail should be sufficiently 

 convex so that the entue inside of the pail can be seen and easily 

 reached for cleanmg. The cover should be flush with the top of 

 the pail so as to avoid a groove in which dirt collects. 



Some small-top pails are higher than ordinary pails, thus caus- 

 ing difficulty in milking short-legged cows. A height of 12 inches 

 is the best adapted for all purposes. Covers that can be removed 

 and that are fitted to the tops of ordinary milk-pails answer the 

 purpose very well when well made, and are inexpensive. 



The influence of strainers in small-top .pails on the germ con- 

 tent of milk has also been investigated by Stocking. When using 

 the Stadtmueller or Haymaker pail he found that the milk had a 

 smaller number of bacteria when the strainer was omitted than 

 otherwise. This is shown by the following figures: 



GERM CONTENT OF MILK DRAWN INTO A STADTMUELLER PAIL WITH STRAINER AND 

 ONE WITHOUT STRAINER 



Without strainer 



Witii strainer 



The strainer in these experiments consisted of wire gauze with 

 two thicknesses of fine cheesecloth. 



Opposite results were obtained when using the North and 

 Gurler pails. This is shown in the ■ following table: 



GERM CONTENT OF MILK DRAWN INTO NORTH AND GURLER PAILS WITH STRAINERS 

 AND WITHOUT STRAINERS 



Kind of pail. Strainer. 



Nortll ( Without strainer 



With strainer 



Gurler ( ^1*™' ».*™'"=r 



\ With strainer 



The Haymaker pail again gave higher results with the strainer: 



GERM CONTENT OF MILK DRAWN INTO STADTMUELLER AND HAYMAKER PAILS WITH 

 AND WITHOUT STRAINERS 



Kind of pail. Strainer. 



Stadtmueller | ™°"i* '*™°^'' 



\ With strainer 



H^>'™ker (^!K£"^' 



