572 MILK 



that will answer the requirements of the sanitarian is an unusual 

 agricultural man and fit for success in almost any profession. He 

 must be a thoroughly capable man, and, being a capable man, of 

 course demands a fitting remuneration. His profession and him- 

 self are too little appreciated by society and scientific men." The 

 farmer must know how to treat cows; how to breed sufficiently; 

 must feed them properly and economically; must see that the 

 pasturage is free from plants which may impart undesirable flav- 

 ors to milk. Abnormal conditions of animals and many other 

 things must be thoroughly understood by him to make dairying 

 a success. When he has learned to produce sanitary milk and is 

 obtaining a fair price for it, some other producer may enter the 

 field of competition and offer a cheaper and poorer grade of milk. 

 Thus the difficulties of the milk producer multiply. 



Formation of a profitable dairy herd is essential and requires 

 study and circumspection. Cows have different characteristics; 

 some produce large quantities of milk, others less; some produce 

 milk rich in fat, others produce milk poor in fat; some can forage 

 on poorer pastures than others. If the milk is intended for direct 

 consumption, a herd composed of cows producing milk with high 

 fat content is not as advantageous as one containing some large 

 producers. For creamery purposes milk rich in fat is more suit- 

 able than milk poor in fat. The farmer must choose in which 

 line he is chiefly interested before beginning to raise a herd. 



Lane mentions the following breeds of cows as most desirable 

 for dairy purposes: 



Ayrshires. — They are able to obtain sufficient food on rough 

 and poor soil and are hardy enough to stand all kinds of 

 weather. Still they yield large amounts of milk. Lane quotes 

 an example of a herd of Ayrshires which averaged 6407 pounds of 

 milk per cow annually for a period of nineteen years. The aver- 

 age percentage of butter-fat is 3.8 per cent., varying from 3.5 

 to 4 per cent. The fat globules are small, even in size, and do 

 not separate easily. Ayrshire milk is, therefore, better adapted 

 for milk trade than for making butter. 



Guernseys. — The home of this breed is on the island of Guern- 

 sey. They produce a large amount of butter of rich, golden- 

 yellow color, and a rich appearing cream and milk. The Guern- 

 sey milk is, therefore, highly prized by consumers. A Guernsey 

 cow produces 5000 to 6000 pounds of milk annually. 



Holstein-Friesians. — This race originates in North Holland and 

 Friesland. They are large animals, black and white, have large 

 udders, and produce large amounts of milk. Herds may average 

 8000 or even 10,000 pounds of milk a year from each animal. 

 The fat content is low and the globules are small. 



