DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS 
vent by dirt accumulated on the outside. 
Want of exercise and lack of green food are 
held to be contributing causes. 
Treatment. If constipation is due to dirt 
on the outside, cleanse vent by swabbing 
with warm water. When stoppage is in- 
side and can be felt through the vent 
syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give 
a purgative such as castor oil or Epsom 
salts. If worms are suspected as the cause, 
give santonin (see page g), followed by a 
teaspoonful of castor oil. 
CRAMP 
Must not be confused with more serious complaints 
Symptoms. Difficulty in standing and 
lameness, due to inflammation of muscles 
and joints. 
Cause. Damp and cold. 
Treatment. Put legs of bird in warm 
water; rub joints with embrocation and put 
in dry quarters. 
Note—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever, 
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