2 THE MARKETING OF WHOLE MILK 



at the homes of persons considered as customers, often car- 

 rying into the house a small pail of milk with a spout for 

 pouring. 1 



As cities grew, more and more of the dairymen found 

 that it took too long to peddle milk in the city in addition 

 to making the long drive to and from town. Gradually, 

 therefore, the practice became common for some man in 

 the city to buy milk of the producer and deliver it to the 

 consumer, and thus leave the farmer free for his farm work. 

 Also various shopkeepers were found who agreed to handle 

 milk and sell it at a slight gain to such persons as needed 

 an extra supply or as had missed the milkman. 



Until about 1842 all New York milk was hauled into the 

 city by wagon. In 1842 the first rail shipments of milk 

 were made into New York City from Chester, Orange 

 County, New York, and during the summer of that year 

 about 45 cans were shipped daily. During the next year 

 the daily average reached 275 cans.^ In October, 1917, 

 New York received milk from 30,934 farms located in six 

 states and Canada.' Philadelphia obtains milk from as far 

 as points near Rochester and Buffalo, New York.* Pitts- 

 burg, Cleveland, and Chicago all get milk from widely 

 scattered territory. In each case producers and consumers 

 are brought together by means of middlemen after a delay 

 of many hours. This wide separation of producer and con- 

 simier, as related to several other factors, gives rise to 

 difficult problems. Chief among these factors are the fol- 

 lowing conditions: 



' The vriter found numerous instances of this practice in small towns of 

 Wisconsin in the summer of 1916. 



' Van Wagenen, J., Jr., Country Gentleman, June i, 191Z, p. 7. 



' Report of the Mayor's Committee on Milk, Dec, 1917, p. 16. 



* Harbison, Thos. B., Milk and Its Distribution in Philadelphia, p. I, 

 1917. 



