72 MORPHOLOGY OF THE ORGAXS OF VERTEBRATES. 



Fig. 76. Membranous labyrinth of thrush 

 ( Turdtts), after Retzius, from Wiedersheim. 

 aa, anterior ampulla; ac, eighth nerve; ap^ 

 posterior ampulla ; ca, anterior canal ; c£^ ex- 

 ternal canal ; cp^ posterior canal ; de^ ductus en- 

 dolymphaticus ; /, lagena ; mti, macula neglecta ; 

 WJ, macula sacculi; viu, macula utriculi; //, 

 papilla lagen;e ; raa, nerve to anterior ampulla ; 

 rap, to posterior ampulla ; rb, basilar nerve : 

 rec, recessus utriculi; rl, nerve to lagena; r«, 

 nerve to macula neglecta ; s, sacculus ; sc, septum 

 conciatum ; sp, posterior utricular sinus : .^.^, 

 superior utricular sinus; tv, tegmentum va^culo- 

 sum ; «, utriculus 



Fig. 77. -Section through the cochlea of a 

 cat. Bone, shaded. C, organ of Corti ; t?, spiral 

 ganglion; A', nerve; 5.1/, ST, SI', scalae 

 media, tympani, and vestibuli ; R, Reissner's 

 membrane. 



cartilage, but in all except 

 the lower vertebrates the 

 cartilage is finally replaced 

 by bone. The inner walls 

 of these capsules follow 

 more or less closely the 

 contour of the membra- 

 nous labyrinth, thus con- 

 stituting the skeletal 

 labyrinth, between which 

 and the membranous por- 

 tions is a space filled with 

 the perilymphatic fluid. 

 The walls of these cap- 

 sules are perforated in- 

 ternally for the passage 

 of nerves, etc., while on 

 their lateral surfaces, in 

 all groups above amphibia, 

 are two openings, — the 

 fenestra ovalis and the 

 fenestra rotunda (the lat- 

 ter crossed by mem- 

 branes), — through which 

 sound waves pass to the 

 parts described. 



In the mammals the 

 skeletal labyrinth follows 

 very closely the membra- 

 nous portion, and in one 

 part these structures need 

 a further description. 

 That part called the la- 

 gena in the lower verte- 

 brates is greatly devel- 

 oped here, and is drawn 

 out and coiled in a spiral, 

 which is accompanied, 



