122 FEEDS AND FEEDING, ABRIDGED 



corn oil and germ oil meal are secured, (2) the bran, consisting of 

 the hulls, (3) the starch, and (4) the gluten. The bran, together with 

 some light weight and broken germs, was formerly dried and sold as 

 com bran. Now, however, the bran and gluten are usually united 

 while still wet, and then dried and ground, the product being sold as 

 com gluten feed, or com starch by-product with corn bran, as it is 

 sometimes called. The term com gluten feed is used to distinguish 

 this feed from "Continental Gluten Feed," a proprietary name for 

 certain dried distillers' grains. 



Corn gluten feed. — Gluten feed contains about 25 per ct. crude pro- 

 tein, .7 per ct. fiber, 53 per ct. nitrogen-free extract, and 4 per ct. fat. 

 It is thus a protein-rich feed. The ash content ranges from less than 

 1 per et. to 5 or 6 per ct., depending on whether the steep water in 

 which the corn is softened is evaporated and the residue added to the 

 gluten feed or not. This residue consists of such substances as the 

 soluble protein and phosphates which are dissolved out of the kernels 

 during the soaking process. Gluten feed is extensively used for dairy 

 cows. As it contains about 9 per ct. more digestible crude protein and 

 also furnishes more total digestible nutrients than wheat bran, it is 

 worth considerably more than this feed. It may also be satisfactorily 

 fed to beef cattle, sheep, and swine to supplement carbonaceous con- 

 centrates. 



Gluten meal. — This by-product, now sometimes called corn by- 

 product without com bran, is one of the richest of concentrates in 

 crude protein and fat, while fair in carbohydrates and low in mineral 

 matter. It is a heavy feed, and, as mentioned before, is usually mixed 

 with corn bran to form gluten feed. 



Germ oil meal. — The corn germs removed in the manufacture of 

 starch are dried, crushed, and much of the oil pressed out, leaving the 

 residue in cakes. This is exported as com oil cake, or ground and 

 sold in this country as germ oil meal or com germ meal. This feed 

 contains somewhat less protein than the usual gluten feed, but carries 

 a much larger amount of fat. 



Hominy feed, meal, or chop. — This by-product, variously called 

 hominy feed, hominy meal, or hominy chop, is a mixture of the bran, 

 the germ, and a part of the starchy portion of the corn kernel obtained 

 in the manufacture of hominy or brewers ' grits. It is a carbonaceous 

 feed, similar to corn in composition, but somewhat bulkier, slightly 

 lower in nitrogen-free extract, and considerably higher in fat. In 

 feeding value it is equal to corn meal and has the advantages of being 

 kiln dried and keeping better in storage. As it is bulkier than corn 

 meal, it is preferred for dairy cattle, and it has also proven superior 

 to corn meal for fattening pigs. 



