BIBDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 771 



for 1897-99 (1900), 101 (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1 spec, no date; Bayou des 

 AllemandB, 1 spec, winter 1878-79).— Geinnell (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, 

 no. 3, 1902, 35 (California range).— Rathbun (S. F.), Auk, xix, 1902, 134 

 (Seattle, Washington, flight, Nov. and Dec, 1896).— Deane, Auk, xix, 1902, 

 271-283 (unusual abundance in New England and Canada during winter of 

 1901-'2); xxiii, 1906, 283-298 (unusual abundance in winter of 1905-6; 

 records).- Butler, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 271 (Indiana records).- Betbk, Alli- 

 son, and KoPMAN, Auk, xxv, 1908, 443 (BatoA Rouge and Bayou des 

 Allemands, Louisiana, winter 1878-79). — Keemodb, Provincial Mus. Vic- 

 toria, 1909, 47 (s. in winter to mouth of Fraser R., Chilliwack, and Okanogan, 

 occasionally to Vancouver I.; resident in n. Brit. Columbia). — ^Jbwett, Auk, 

 xxvii, 1910, 340 (Sheridan, Dougal Co., Oregon, 1 spec, Nov. 30, 1909).— 

 Wayne, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 454 (near Winnaboro, Fairfield Co., South Caro- 

 lina, Nov. 28, 1908). 



N{ycUa] nyctea Ridgwat, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 264. 



[Nyctea] nyctea Shaepe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 284. 



Ululanyctea Giebel, Vog., 1860, 279. 



Strix (Sumia) nyctea Radde, Reisen, 1863, 124. 



Bubo nyctea Sebbohm, Ibis, 1882, 373 (Archangel, Russia). 



Strix nivea Thunbeeg, K. Vet. Acad. Nya Hand!., xix, 1798, 184 (Lappmark).— 

 Datoin, Traits d'Om., ii, 1800, 190. 



Noctua nivea Bebhm, Isis, 1834, 246. 



N[ycted] nivea Geay, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, 34. 



Nyctea nivea Geay, Gen. Birds, i, 1844, pi. 12, fig. 2. — Rbinhabdt, Joum. fur 

 Om., 1854, 438 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861,' 5 (Greenland).— Cassin, lUustr. 

 Birds Calif., Tex., etc., 1854, 190; in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 



1858, 63.— Steickland, Om. Syn., i, 1855, 194.— Baied, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 



1859, no. 61. — Coues and Phentiss, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1861 

 (1862), 402 (District Columbia in winter). — Boardman, Proc Best. Soc. 

 N. H., ix, 1862, 123 (Calais, Maine, probably breeding). — Debssee, Ibis, 

 1865, 330 (San Antonio, Texas). — Laweenob, Ann. Lye N. Y., viii, 1866, 

 281 (vicinity of New York City).— Cotjes, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 

 120 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 325.— Gottld, Birds Great Brit., 

 i, 1863, pi. 34, and text.— Beown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).— Dall 

 and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 273 (Alaska). — Coopee, 

 Om. Calif., 1870, 447 (no California record to date). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 

 1873, 2 (rare in winter).— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, vii, 1881, 128 (Ft. 

 Walla Walla, Washington, Dec. 1).— Deane, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 100 (large 

 flight in n. e. Illinois, Nov. 14-Dec 9, 1905). 



[Nyctea] nivea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 36. — Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 39, 



no. 377.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 205. 

 Nyctea scandiaca, var. nivea Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 



Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 61, footnote. 

 Haemeria nivea Zander, Naturg. V8g. Mecklenbergs, heft 2, 1838, 119. 

 Leuchybris nivea Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 105. 

 StT[ix] Candida Latham, Index Om., Suppl., 1801, p. xiv (based on La Chouette 



blanche Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr., etc., 172, pL 45; Strix nivea Daudin, ii, 190; 



Ermine Owl Latham, Gen. Syn. Sup., ii, 60, no. 7). 

 Nyctia Candida Swainson, Claasif. Birds, ii, 1837, 217. 

 Nyctea Candida Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 6. 

 Strix erminea Shaw, Gen. Zool., vii, pt. i, 1809, 251 (based on Strix Candida Latham; 



La Chouette blanche Levaillant, Ois., pi. 45; Ermine Owl Latham, Suppl., 2). 

 Nyctea erminea Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. iii, 1826, 63. 

 Nyctea nivea europaea Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 2. 



