BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 773 



comimssure. Wing moderate, pointed, with longest primaries 

 exceeding distal secondaries by about one-third the total length of 

 wing; seventh and eighth" primaries longest, the tenth (apparent 

 outermost) equal to or longer than fifth;* four outer primaries with 

 inner web emarginated (indistinctly on fourth) ; primaries relatively 

 narrow and straight distally. Tail three-fourths as long as wing, 

 or slightly more, graduated, the graduation equal to about one- 

 fifth its total length. Legs and feet relatively small; tarsus longer 

 than middle toe without claw, densely covered, all round, with long 

 hair-like feathers, the toes similarly clothed (except on terminal 

 phalanx: and under side), the feathers overlapping basal portion of 

 claws. 



Coloration. — ^Adults with pUeum and hindneck spotted with white 

 and blackish, or dark brown, in varying relative proportion ; a patch 

 of uniform blackish or dark brown on each side of hindneck, and 

 another across hinder portion of ear coverts ; rest of upper parts 

 brown, the scapulars heavily spotted or blotched, wings more or less 

 spotted, upper tail coverts broadly and distiactly barred, and tail 

 narrowly and indistinctly barred, with white; face and under parts 

 white, the lower breast, belly, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts 

 very regularly barred with brown. 



Range. — ^Boreal forests of Northern Hemisphere. (Monotypic.) 



KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OP SUKNIA ITLULA. 



a. Lighter colored, with white predominating on pileum, and white of scapulars less 

 broken; barring on under parts less dense. (Northern parts of Eastern Hemis- 

 phere.) Surnia ulula ulula (extralimital). « 



o Third and fourth from outside, not counting the rudimentary and concealed 

 eleventh primary. 



6 Sixth from outside. 



c [Strix] ulula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 93 (Sweden; based on Fauna 

 Suecica, 52; !7Z«Za Gesner, Aves,773; etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 133.— Surnia ulula Bona- 

 parte, Ucc. Eur., 1842, 22; Dresser, Birds Europe, v,pt. xi-xii, 1872, 301, pi. 311; 

 Fritsch, Vog. Eur., 1854, pi. 11, fig. 5; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ii, 1875, 129.— 

 [Surnia ulula] var. ulula Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, iii, 1874, 75. — Noctua ulula Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Striges, 1862, 42. — 

 (?) [Strix] funerea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 93 (Europe; based on Fauna 

 Suecica, 51; Ulula flammeata Frisch, Aves, pi. 98?); ed. 12, i, 1766, 133.— Surnia 

 funerea Dum&il, Zool. Anat., 1806, 34; Gould, Birds Europe, i, 1834, pi. 45 and text; 

 Birds Great Brit., i, 1862, pi. 35 and text. — Strix uralends (not of Pallas) Shaw, Gen. 

 Zool., vii, 1809, 277, pi. 35.— Strix nisoria Meyer, Taschenb., i, 1810, 84 (new name for 

 S. funerea Linnaeus); Naxmiann, Vog. Deutschl., i, 1822, pi. 42, fig. 2.—Stryx doliata 

 Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 316 (no type locality mentioned; includes S. u. 

 caparoch). ^-Surnia doliata Gumey, Cat. Birds of Prey, 1894, 40.— Surnia ulula 

 doliata Rothschild, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 162 (Anklam, Russian Turkestan; crit.); 

 Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 245 (Marcova and Gichiga, n. e. Siberia); 

 Clark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxviii, 1910, 59 (Petropaulski, Kamchatka; 



