INDEX 



343 



131 ; attempts to see feed young 

 unsuccessful, 132; add no eflFect 

 to precipice, 134 ; plumage of, 

 134; look black at a little dis- 

 tance, 134; ordinary flight not 

 majestic, 134 ; shape of wings of, 

 134, 135 ; effect of number of, 

 over battlefield, 135. Curious 

 doubtful if these are nuptial, 138 ; 

 antics in the air of, 136, 137. 

 Skirmishing with gulls, 137; skir- 

 mishing or frolicking with hooded 

 crow, 137; devoted guardians of 

 young, 138; cunning plan adopted 



by, 138, 139 



Raven Mother, the real one, 133 ; 

 appearance and behaviour of, 



133. 134 



Razorbills, manner, etc., of diving 

 of, 151, 152 ; fish, how carried in 

 beak by, 187 



Redshanks, handsomer flying than 

 when on ground, 23, 24 ; courting 

 actions of male, 24. Aerial and 

 aquatic combats of, 36, 37 ; at 

 first mistaken as to nature of 

 these, 37 



Richardson's Skua, objected to as a 

 title, 61 



Ring Plover, nuptial flight of, 21, 

 22 ; courting actions of male on 

 ground, 22, 23 



Robin, becoming wagtail or stilt- 

 walker, 48 ; how it may develop 

 in the future, 229 ; occasional 

 aquatic habits of, out of character, 

 229, 230 ; has two figures, 230 ; 

 a part of most landscapes, 230, 

 231 ; looks different in different 

 places, 231 ; an example of sexual 

 selection acting in two directions 



Rooks, importunity of female, 112 ; 

 simultaneous flights, etc., of, 210, 

 292, 293, 294 ; winter rookery or 

 roosting-place of, 258, 259, 278, 

 280 ; crowd of better than crowd 

 of men, 259 ; aerial evolutions, 

 sports, gambols, manoeuvres, etc. , 

 of, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 

 268, 269, 270, 271, 280, 295; 

 peculiar burring note of, 260, 

 282, 283 ; powers of flight pos- 



sessed by, 260, 271 ; flight full 

 of effects, 271 ; how associated 

 with starlings, 261 ; chirruppy or 

 croodling note of, 261, 268, 269 ; 

 last flight of, dove-tailing with 

 roosting of pheasants, 261, 262 ; 

 roll over of, compared with that 

 of ravens, 263 ; two great as- 

 semblages of, manoeuvrings and 

 different conduct of, 262, 264, 

 265 ; difficulty of supposing that 

 they are led, 213, 265, 266 ; if led, 

 should be so habitually, 266, 267 ; 

 evidence against theory of leader- 

 ship, 267, 268, 269, 270, 284, 

 285 ; the caw the business note 

 of, 268 ; two bands flying at dif- 

 ferent elevations, 270 ; flight of, 

 at great elevation different to 

 usual flight, 270, 271 ; conclusion 

 against theory of leadership, 271, 

 273 ; supposed to employ sentinels, 

 271 ; evidence as to and con- 

 clusion against their doing so, 

 272, 273 ; vast assemblage of, 

 274, 277, 278 ; fighting of, 274, 

 27s, 276, 277 ; disturbed by 

 hare, 277 ; lullaby of, 278, 281 ; 

 return of, to winter rookery in 

 evening, 274, 277, 278, 280, 281, 

 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 

 299 ; various cries of, 281, 283, 



284, 286, 288, 291, 292, 299, 

 300. Whishing noise made by, 

 281, 282, 295 ; doubt as to how 

 produced, 282. " Burring" note 

 of, 282, 283 ; morning flight of, 

 from winter rookery, 283, 284, 



285, 292 ; voice of, pleasing and 

 expressive, 283 ; talk kind of 

 Chinese, 284 ; tits flying with, 

 284 ; some staying back after 

 general flight out, 285 ; actions 

 of, governed by two leading prin- 

 ciples, 285 ; unknown force sug- 

 gested by movements of, 285, 

 286 ; some movements of, may be 

 due to thought-transference or 

 collective thinking, 287 ; may be 

 origin of the night-raven, 287, 

 288 ; origin of language sug- 

 gested by, 288, 289 ; zones o 



