FEEDING STANDARDS 71 



stuffs necessary to furnish the equivalent feeding value 

 of 100 pounds of meadow hay. The next standard of im- 

 portance was based upon the total amounts of protein, 

 carbohydrates, and fats in the feed stuffs. 



The Wolff Standards. — The feeding standards of Dr. 

 Emil von Wolff, a German scientist, are based upon the 

 amounts of digestible protein, carbohydrate, and fat ma- 

 terial required by various farm animals under different 

 conditions. The first presentation of these standards was 

 made in 1864, and they appeared for the first time in 

 America in 1874. These standards are now called the 

 Wolff-Lehmann standards because of the assistance of 

 Dr. C. Lehmann, a pupil of Wolff, in presenting them to 

 the public. The Wolff-Lehmann standards are widely 

 used because they are positive and easily understood. 



Calculating Rations by the Use of Feeding Standards. — 

 It is practically impossible to get any one feed stuff that 

 will supply all nutrients in the amounts and proportions 

 that will properly nourish the animal without deficiency 

 or waste. Some of our feed stuffs are high in protein. 

 The use of such a feed alone would cause a waste of protein. 

 Other feeds are high in carbohydrates and fat. To get 

 the required amount of protein from such a feed would 

 necessitate the loss of non-protein material. If the feeds 

 are introduced into the rations in the proper proportions, 

 the deficiency of protein in one feed will be counterbal- 

 anced by the excess in another, and a properly balanced 

 ration will result. 



A proper mixture of feeds always gives better results than 

 any single feed. Palatability and adaptabiUty to the animal 

 are also good qualities. A certain amount of succulent feed 

 should be introduced into a ration as an aid to digestion, 



