1 68 JUDGING CATTLE 



should be greater. These features indicate ability to trans- 

 mit these attributes to his offspring. Besides his masculine 

 features, the bull should have a straight wide back, wide 

 thick loin, good rump, and be well let down in the thigh, 

 low set and deep. 



The cow should be somewhat refined about the head and 

 neck, and show refinement also in the bone and muscular 

 development. She should also be wider in the rear quarters 

 than the bull. Besides all the good characteristics that 

 belong to the cow, she should also have the attributes of the 

 butcher animal. 



Besides the special sex characters which distinguish the 

 cow from the bull, breeding animals should also conform in 

 tjrpe to some particular breed, and as each breed has special 

 characters of its own, it remains for the judge to learn the 

 attributes of each particular breed before he can lay claim 

 to proficiency in judging breeding animals. 



The Form of the Beef Animal. — The form of the good 

 beef animal should be deep, broad, and low set, with straight 

 top and underline. Viewed from the side, the top Une and 

 the bottom Une should be parallel ; the vertical line at the 

 rear from the pin bones to the hocks and that in front from 

 the brisket upward should be parallel, so that viewed from 

 the side, the steer should show a rectangular form. Viewed 

 from the rear, the back should appear broad and flat, and 

 the sides of the steer should be parallel so that a cross sec- 

 tion of the body would appear as a somewhat flattened 

 circle. The general form should be one that contributes 

 to the greatest compactness. 



Quality. — Every beef animal, whether it be already 

 fattened or a feeder, must have general or inherited quality 

 which is indicated by the fineness of bone and the fineness of 



