610 
posed portion of the tooth, is covered with enamel, 
not cementum. 
The gums of the dog are hard and solid to 
the touch, and firmly embrace each tooth, and 
more or less surround each separate tusk. 
The soft palate, or curtain that guards the en- 
trance to the gullet, is in the dog broad and short, 
and has little or no uvula; the opening from the 
mouth into the pharynx and larynx is therefore 
capacious, and freely admits either food or air, 
this latter being so extremely necessary to the 
animal after a hard run, when he wants to do a 
deal of breathing in a short time. 
The tongue of the dog differs considerably from 
that of other animals. It is very long and soft, 
and extremely mobile. It is covered with long 
silky papillz, which give it its peculiar smooth- 
ness, So different from the rough tongue of the cat, 
with its horny recurvent papillae. The lips of the 
dog are thin and pliant. Externally the upper 
lip is grooved in the median line, and at the 
lower edge at the back parts is beautifully van- 
dyked with long papille all along its free surface. 
It is most important for the purposes of sport 
and defence, as well as for health and appear- 
ance, that a dog’s teeth should be properly seen 
to. Loose and carious teeth are of very frequent 
occurrence, often existing as one of the symptoms 
of either dyspepsia or intestinal worms, more 
especially in pampered pets, who are allowed to 
eat what and when they choose. 
As a rule, puppies shed their milk-teeth without 
any trouble, but the milk-teeth, after getting loose, 
sometimes get fixed again. This is a matter that 
wants looking to, for the presence of milk-teeth 
often deflects and renders irregular the growing 
permanent teeth. Whenever, then, you find a 
milk-tooth loose, try to extract it; this can gener- 
ally be done by the finger and thumb covered with 
the corner of a handkerchief. If, however, the 
tooth has been allowed to remain so long in the 
jaw as to become refixed, its extraction becomes 
rather more difficult, and requires instrumental 
assistance. 
After extracting the tooth touch the gums with 
a solution of tincture of myrrh and water, equal 
parts. As your dog grows up, if you want him to 
retain his dental apparatus to a goodly old age, 
you must trust to regular and wholesome feeding, 
and never permit him to carry stones, nor to in- 
dulge in the filthy habit of chewing wood. For 
show dogs powdered charcoal should be used to 
clean the teeth, with a moderately hard brush, 
but tartar should never be allowed to remain on 
the teeth of any dog one values. It ought to be 
scraped off, or it will give rise to disease. 
Mouth, Canker of. 
Symptoms.—These are seldom noticed until the 
disease is pretty far advanced, and a swelling is 
formed on the dog’s jaw beneath or over the 
carious tooth. This swelling discharges either 
pus and blood or thin effusion. The discharge is 
offensive. There is pain, as evinced by the un- 
willingness of the dog to have his mouth examined 
THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG, 
or the jaw touched. If neglected there may come 
a nasty fungus-looking growth. 
Treatment.—Our attention must first be directed 
to the teeth, and any carious tooth or portion 
of a carious tooth must be extracted. This opera- 
tion will probably have to be performed after 
the dog has been placed under the influence of an 
anesthetic, and therefore he must be taken to a 
skilled vet., unless, indeed, he can be securely 
held and his mouth kept open by aid of an as- 
sistant and any means at your command. The 
disease must then be treated on general princi- 
ples. If there is proud flesh, blue-stone must be 
used, or the solid nitrate of silver. If only ulcera- 
tion and fcetid discharge, use a wash of Condy’s 
fluid (1 drachm to 3 in a pint of water), and the 
alum and myrrh wash (10 grains of alum and 1 
drachm of tincture of myrrh to 1 ounce of water) 
ought to be used several times a day, by means 
of a rag or bit of sponge tied to the end of a 
stick. 
Attention must be paid to the general health, 
and especially to the state of the stomach. Give 
an occasional dose of oil and buckthorn, 
Mouth, Foul, is a condition of the canine 
mouth very often seen. The highest-bred dogs 
are the most subject to it, and among these it is 
more frequently seen among household pets. The 
symptoms vary in degree, but in a well-marked 
case you will find your patient is generally some- 
what surly and snappish, and on inquiry we shall 
not be surprised to learn that he gets but little 
exercise—perhaps because he has become too fat 
to take it—that he gets what he likes to eat, 
everybody gives him tit-bits, and perhaps that he 
sleeps before a fire, or in a bed, or on the couch, 
and is restless at night, and often troubled with 
bad dreams. Examination of the mouth reveals, 
first, a very obnoxious breath, the gums are 
swollen, may be ulcerated at the edges, but at 
all events bleed with the slightest touch. Some 
of the teeth may be loose or decayed, but in- 
variably even the sound ones are encrusted with 
tartar. 
Treatment.—Begin by thoroughly cleansing and 
scaling the teeth; this done, use a wash—water 
well reddened with permanganate of potash. The 
teeth are to be cleansed every morning with vine- 
gar and water. The only medicine needful will 
be an aloetic aperient once or twice a week, with 
a dinner pill. 
Quinine, 38 to 3 grains; powdered rhubarb and 
ginger, of each 2 to 5 grains; extract of taraxa- 
cum, sufficient to make a bolus. 
The feeding must be altered for the better. If 
the dog is fat and gross, meat, and especially 
sugar and fat, must be prohibited. Put him on 
oatmeal porridge and milk, or Spratts’ cake. If 
lean and poor, an allowance of meat must be 
given, or the thirty per cent. Spratts’ cake, and 
also Virol twice a day. Let the drink be pure 
water or butter-milk, 
Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidney.— 
Sometimes called acute Bright’s disease. It is 
